I ka makahiki 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili e ʻike ai i ka poʻe ʻepekema 100,000 kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua ma muli o kā lākou noiʻi i paʻi ʻia (Ioannidis et al., \ 2019). Loaʻa i ka lehulehu nā anana maʻamau e wehewehe i ka hopena o kā lākou hana ʻepekema. Ua hōʻano hou ʻia ka ʻikepili ma 2020 (Ioannidis et al., 2020) a he ʻelua ʻāpana: ʻikepili hopena lōʻihi o ka hana (ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 1996 a me 2019) a me kahi ʻikepili snapshot hoʻokahi makahiki (noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma 2019). Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā pūʻulu ʻikepili ʻelua i ka nānā mua ʻana i ka huahana lōʻihi o kahi ʻepekema a nānā ka hope i ka hana i loko o kahi makahiki kalena i hala iho nei - he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia no nā ʻepekema ʻōpio ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka manawa nui no kā lākou mau puke e hōʻiliʻili ai. nā huaʻōlelo.
ʻEhiku mau kumu aʻoaʻo ma ke Keʻena Horticulture ma Michigan State University i koho ʻia i ka 2% kiʻekiʻe o kā lākou kahua e pili ana i ka ʻikepili hopena lōʻihi: Randy Beaudry, Bert Cregg, Jim Hancock, Jiming Jiang, Muraleedharan Nair, Brad Rowe, a me Erik Runkle. Eia kekahi, ua helu ʻia kēia mau lālā ʻehiku a me ʻelima mau kumu kula Horticulture ma ka 2019 kiʻekiʻe 2% makahiki data: Cornelius Barry, Dan Chitwood, Patrick Edger, Kristin Getter, a me Ning Jiang.