He alakaʻi no ka mahi ʻana i ka Tomato no ka poʻe hoʻomaka.
Hāʻawi ka ʻatikala ma lalo nei i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka "Hoʻoulu ʻo Tomato", "Pehea e ulu ai i nā ʻōmato", ʻo Tomato mahiʻai kaʻenehana.
ʻO ka Tomato kahi mea kanu i ka wā mahana, pono ia i kahi anuanu a me ke anuanu. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea kanu ke pale i ka hau a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, pili ka māmā māmā i ka pigmentation, hua kala, hua hua. Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka mea kanu e nā kūlana climatic maikaʻi ʻole. Pono ʻokoʻa ka laulā climatic no hua hua, ka ulu ʻana o ka hua, ka pua a me ka hoʻonohonoho hua, a me ka maikaʻi o nā hua. Ka wela ma lalo o 100C a ma luna o 380Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻo C i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu a laila e hoʻolohi i nā hana physiological. Ua ulu maikaʻi i ka mahana 100C i ka 300ʻO C me ka laulā maikaʻi loa o ka mahana he 21-240C. ʻO ka mahana wela ma lalo o 160C a ma luna o 270ʻAʻole makemake ʻia ʻo C. ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ka mea kanu i ka hau, pono ia i ka ua haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa, a maikaʻi ma lalo o ka awelika o ka mahina o 21 a 23.0C. E pale i ka pilikia o ka wai a me ka maloʻo lōʻihi no ka mea e pohā ai nā hua. ʻO ka mālamalama o ka lā i ka manawa o ka hoʻonohonoho hua e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele.
Heluhelu: Nā Pōmaikaʻi Hana ʻana i nā Lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Nā ʻano ʻano Tomato:
Nā ʻano ʻano i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia:
Arka Saurabh, Arka Vikas, Arka Ahuti, Arka Ashish, Arka Abha , Arka Alok, HS101, HS102, HS110, Hisar Arun, Hisar Lalima, Hisar Lalit, Hisar Anmol, KS.2, Narendra Tomato 1, Narendra Tomato 2, Pusa Red Plum, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby, Co-1, CO 2, CO 3, S-12, Punjab Chhuhara, PKM 1, Pusa Ruby, Paiyur-1, Shakthi, SL 120, Pusa Gaurav, S 12, Pant Bahar, Pant T3, Solan Gola a me Arka Meghali.
Nā huila F1:
ʻO Arka Abhijit, Arka Shresta, Arka Vishal, Arka Vardan, Pusa Hybrid 1, Pusa Hybrid 2, COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato, Rashmi, Vaishali, Rupali, Naveen, Avinash 2, MTH 4, Sadabahar, Gulmohar a me Sonali.
ʻO nā koi wela no ka mahi ʻana i ka tōmato:
Sr. ʻAʻole. |
Nā Kūlana | Mahana (0C) | ||
palena iki | pono | i kā mākou | ||
1. | Germination lū | 11 | 16-29 | 34 |
2. | Ulu hua | 18 | 21-24 | 32 |
3. | Hui hua (lā) (pō) |
10 | 15-17 | 30 |
18 | 20-24 | 30 | ||
4. | Hoʻoulu kala ʻulaʻula | 10 | 20-24 | 30 |
ʻO nā koi ʻāina no ka mahi ʻana i ka tōmato:
Hana maikaʻi loa nā ʻōmato ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina mineral, akā makemake lākou i nā one one hohonu a hoʻokahe maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka papa luna o ka lepo e porous me kahi one liʻiliʻi a me ka pālolo maikaʻi i loko o ka lepo. ʻO ka hohonu o ka lepo mai 15 a 20cm ka mea maikaʻi no ka hua maikaʻi. Hiki i ka mahiʻai hohonu ke ʻae i ke komo ʻana o ke aʻa i loko o nā ʻano lepo palolo kaumaha, e hiki ai ke hana i kēia mau ʻano lepo.
ʻO ka Tomato kahi meaʻai maʻalahi i kahi ākea pH ākea. Pono ka pH o 5.5-6.8. ʻOiai nā'ōmato e hana maikaʻi nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāina ʻakika me ka lako a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai kūpono. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo Tomato i ka waika i kahi lepo pH o 5.5. ʻO nā lepo me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wai kūpono, ka aeration, me ka ʻole o ka paʻakai e koho ʻia no ka mahi ʻana i ka tōmato.
Heluhelu: Mekini Mahiai a me na Mea Hana Mahiai.
Nā lepo kiʻekiʻe loa i loko mea ʻokanika ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka makū o kēia media a me nā hemahema o nā meaʻai. Akā, e like me nā manawa a pau, ka hoʻohui o ke aloha ʻO nā mea i nā lepo mineral e hoʻonui i ka hua.
Ke koho ʻana i nā hua no ka mahi ʻana i ka tōmato:
Ma hope o ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā hua, hoʻolei ʻia nā hua maʻi, haki. ʻO nā hua no e lūlū ana pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka mea inert. ʻO ka germination mua, wiwo ʻole, ʻaʻahu i ke ʻano a me ka nui, koho ʻia nā hua no ka lūlū ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻanoʻano hybrid mai ka hanauna F1 no ka lūlū ʻana no ka mea e hāʻawi ana i ka hua mua a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hua like ʻole, kū i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka manawa o ke kanu ʻana no ka mahi ʻana i ka tōmato:
- ʻO ka Tomato kahi lāʻau kūʻokoʻa no ka ulu ʻana i kēlā me kēia kau.
- Ma nā pāpū ʻākau ʻekolu mau mea kanu akā ma nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka hau ʻaʻole hua ka hua rabi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hua ʻo Kharif i Iulai, rabi i ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa a me Zaid i nā mahina o Pepeluali.
- Ma nā pāpū hema kahi ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka hau, ʻO ka hoʻololi mua ʻana i hana ʻia ma Dekemaba-Ianuali, ʻElua Iune-Iulai ʻekolu i Sepatemaba-ʻOkakopa e pili ana i nā pono irrigation i loaʻa.
ʻO ka Tomato a me ka lūlū ʻana:
Hoʻoulu pinepine ʻia ʻo Tomato ma ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā kua a me nā ʻauwaha. I ka manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea kanu ma ka wehe ʻana i ka wā ākea a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana nenoaio i?. Pono ka nui o ka hua o 400 a 500g/ha.
Hana ʻia nā ʻanoʻano me Thiram @ 3g/kg o ka hua e pale ai mai nā maʻi hānau ʻia. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā hua me ka B. naphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA) ma 25 a me 50 ppm, gibberellic acid (GA3) ma 5-20 ppm a me ka chlorophenoxy acetic ma 10 a me 20 ppm i ʻike ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu a me ka hua o ka tōmato.
Kanu ʻia nā ʻanoʻano i Iune Iulai no ka hāʻule hooilo kanu ʻia nā hua kanu i ka mahina o Nowemapa. Ma nā puʻu, kanu ʻia ka hua i Malaki ʻApelila. ʻO 75 knm x 60 knm ka mamao i manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻohi kau-kau-hoʻoilo a no ka mea kanu i ke kauwela he 75 cm x 45 cm.
Heluhelu: Nā ʻenehana mahiʻai iʻa nahesa.
ʻO ka hana ʻana no ka mahi ʻana i ka tōmato:
E noi i ka pā mahiʻai popopo maikaʻi ʻōpala/compost @ 20-25 t/ha i ka manawa o hoʻomākaukau ʻāina a hui pono me ka lepo. ʻO ka nui o ka momona o 75:40:25 kg N:P 2O5:K2Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ʻO/heka. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hapalua o ka nitrogen, ka phosphorus piha a me ka hapalua o ka potash ma ke ʻano he basal ma mua o ke kanu ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hapahā o ka nitrogen a me ka hapalua o ka potash 20-30 mau lā ma hope o ke kanu ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nui i koe i ʻelua mahina ma hope o ke kanu ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu tōmato:
- Hana ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i loko o nā moena liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ma kahi pāpaʻu ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai.
- I loko o ka lepo kaumaha, hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ma luna o nā kualono a i ka wā ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā kua.
- No nā ʻano like ʻole/hybrids, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻohe o ʻelua mika ka lōʻihi a i ʻole kanu ʻia ma ke kualapa ākea o 90 knm ka laula a me 15 knm ke kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu i loko o nā ʻauwai ma kahi ākea o 30 cm a ʻae ʻia ka mea kanu e pālahalaha ma luna o ke kuamoʻo ākea.
ʻO ka mamao o nā mea kanu tōmato:
ʻO 75 x 60 cm ka mamao i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka mea kanu i ka wā hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo a no ka hua puna-kauwela 75 x 45 cm.
Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōmato:
ʻO ke kūpono moena hua ʻO 60cm ka laulā, 5-6cm ka lōʻihi a me 20-25cm ke kiʻekiʻe. Pono e wehe ʻia nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala mai ka moena hua. E hoʻohui i ka FYM kānana a me ke one maikaʻi ma ka moena hua. E lawe mai iā lākou i kahi tilth maikaʻi. Holoi i ka moena me Fytolon/Dithane M-45 @ 2-2.5 g/lit o ka wai. E kahakii i na laina 10 a 15 knm ka mamao ma ka loa o ka moena hua. E lūlū i nā ʻanoʻano ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma nā laina, e kaomi mālie, e uhi me ke one maikaʻi a laila e uhi i ka moena me ka mauʻu. E hoʻohāinu me ala hiki. E hoʻoinu i ka moena hua ʻelua i ka lā a hiki i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua. Wehe i ka mauʻu ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o nā hua. E noi i kahi Thimet liʻiliʻi ma 4-5 lau pae. E kāpīpī i nā mea kanu me ka Metasystox/Thiodan @ 2-2.5 ml/ka wai a me Dithane M-45 @ 2-2.5 g/ka wai.
Weed Control no ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻōmato:
- Pono ʻia ka ʻohi māmā ʻana i nā pule mua ʻehā ma ke kula e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana akā e wehe pū i nā nāhelehele mai ke kula. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka lepo ili ma ka hoʻolima lima i ka wā maloʻo ma hope o kēlā me kēia hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka ua. Pono e wehe ʻia nā mauhele a pau ma kēia kaʻina hana.
- ʻO ka mulching me ka mauʻu, ka polythene ʻeleʻele a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui i ʻike ʻia he pono i ka mālama ʻana i ka makū, i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā mauʻu a me kekahi mau maʻi.
Heluhelu: ʻO nā pono o ka mahiʻai iʻa Biofloc.
ʻO nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahi ʻana i ka Tomato:
No ka mea e pili ana ka hua a me ka maikaʻi ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai, no laila e hoʻohana ʻia ka mea momona kaulike e like me ke koi. ʻO ka nitrogen i ka nui kūpono e hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ka hua, ka nui o ka hua, ka waihoʻoluʻu, a me ka ʻono. He kōkua nō hoʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻono acidic i makemake ʻia. Pono pū ka nui o ka potassium no ka ulu ʻana, ka hua, a me ka maikaʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) ma ke ʻano he mea kanu hoʻomaka no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka phosphorus kūpono i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a me ke kanu ʻana. He mea koʻikoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka calcium no ka mālama ʻana i ka pH lepo a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. Pono nā ʻāina Sandy i ka nui o ka momona, a me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i kēia mau mea nā mea kanu ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea pono nā meaʻai. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu me kahi solution starter o ka micronutrient. Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana ʻāʻai ʻāina mahiʻai @ 50 tona no ka eka e hoohuiia. ʻO ka mea maʻamau e pono ai ka mea kanu i ka 120 kg Nitrogen (N), 50 kg Phosphorus (P2O5), a me 50 kg Potash (K2ʻO). Pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka Nitrogen i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana. ʻO ka hapalua nitrogen a me ka piha P2O5 Hāʻawi ʻia i ka manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana a hāʻawi ʻia ke koena nitrogen ma hope o 30 mau lā a me 60 mau lā o ke kanu ʻana.
Pono e lawe ʻia nā loiloi ʻāina a me nā ʻiʻo i ka wā ulu a me ka hana ʻana e hōʻoia i ka nui o nā meaʻai pono i ko lākou nui a me nā lakio. E hōʻike ana ka nānā ʻana i nā kiko o kahi mea kanu kūpono i ka meaʻai:
Nitrogen | ʻO Phosphorus | Paila pāʻiko | ka pōhaku | makanekiuma | 'o Sulusa | |
% | 4.0-5.6 | 0.30-0.60 | 3.0-4.5 | 1.25-3.2 | 0.4-0.65 | 0.65-1.4 |
ppm | ʻO Manganese | hao | Boron | keleawe | Zinc | |
30-400 | 30-300 | 20-60 | 5-15 | 30-90 |
I kēia kūlana, ua ʻike ʻia e hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu inorganic hou a me nā mea kanu kūlohelohe, nā koena mea kanu a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.