E ʻae kākou - ʻaʻole makemake mākou i nā hua. ʻAʻole pololei kēlā ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka nui o nā meaʻai he ʻanoʻano maoli (beans, peas, raiki, kulina, kofe, cacao) a i ʻole mai nā hua (palaoa, ʻaila), a pono mākou i nā hua e hoʻolaha i nā mea kanu he nui. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e pili ana i ka hua waina, ka wai, ka maiʻa, ka citrus a me nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hua ke lilo i mea pilikia. Hoʻohui ʻia nā hua i loko o nā hua he nui me ka ʻāpana a mākou e ʻai ai, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻāpana hiki ʻole ke ʻai ʻia e like me nā ʻāpala, a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi e like me ka blueberries a me nā strawberries. ʻAʻole leʻaleʻa ke kuʻi ʻana o kahi hua nui a inā ʻaʻole ia he hoʻokūkū, he mea paʻakikī ke kuha ʻana iā lākou. No laila, lele mākou i ka manawa e hoʻopau i nā hua, a i ʻole e hōʻemi iā lākou i kahi helu hiki ke mālama ʻia.
ʻAʻole maʻamau nā mea kanu hua ʻole, akā ola maoli lākou a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kanu mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā ʻenehana loea genetic. ʻAʻohe mea kanu hua ʻole i kēia manawa he genetically modified organisms (GMOs). E like me nā ʻōnaehana mea kanu he nui, pono e hana pololei kekahi mau ʻanuʻu ma ke "alanui" no ka hana ʻana i ka huahana hope (nā hua ma kēia hihia). ʻO ke kuʻikahi ma kekahi ʻanuʻu e alakaʻi i ka hāʻule. ʻAʻole pono ka hua ʻole i ka mea kanu no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohua mai, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻolaha ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu hua ʻole ma ke kālai ʻana a i ʻole nā ʻokiʻoki (ʻokoʻa ka kukama a me ka meloni). Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano hoʻoilina ia i lawe ʻia ma o ka pollen a mālama ʻia i loko o ka pool pool a hiki i ka hui ʻana o nā mākua kūpono e hoʻohua i kahi mea kanu me nā hua hua ʻole. No ka mea, he mea maʻamau kēia mau mea, a he kanaka makaʻala, ʻike a me nā mea waiwai, ke ʻike mākou i kahi mea a mākou e makemake ai, e hoʻohana pono mākou iā ia. No laila, no ke aha i hua ʻole ai kekahi mau hua?
Hua puʻupaʻa
Hāʻule nā hua hua ʻole a pau ma lalo o kahi ʻano nui i kapa ʻia he parthenocarpy. ʻO Parthenocarpy kahi huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo ia ka "hua puʻupaʻa." He kūlana kēia e ulu ai ka hua me ka ʻole o ka fertilization o ka ovule (ka ʻāpana o ka pua i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i hua). I loko o kēia mau mea kanu, pono a ʻaʻole pono ka pollination no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hormone e hoʻoulu ai i ka pā ovary e pehu a hua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua a ʻaʻohe "hua hua" a i ʻole koena hua. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka hua i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pollen ma o nā noi hormone waho. Aia kēia ʻano hua ʻole i kekahi mau ʻano kukama, persimmons, hua waina, citrus, pineapples a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopuka pinepine kēia ʻano hua ʻole i nā hua liʻiliʻi ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa hua.
ʻO kekahi mau mea kanu hiki ke hoʻohua i ka ʻanoʻano he pollen sterile a i ʻole nā kumu ʻē aʻe e hiki ʻole ai ke hana i nā hua, a no ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā hua pono lākou e pollination e kekahi lālā ʻē aʻe o ia ʻano. Ke kanu ʻia i loko o nā kīhāpai nui, hoʻopuni ʻia lākou e nā kope like ʻole o lākou iho, e hoʻohua ai lākou i nā hua parthenocarpic. Nui nā citrus e hana i kēia ala.
Huli hua
ʻO Stenospermocarpy kahi ʻano parthenocarpy kahi e ulu ai ka hua a hoʻomaka ka hua e ulu akā ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana, e waiho ana ma hope o kahi "ʻano hua." ʻOkoʻa ka nui o nā ʻanoʻano ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua ma mua o ka hoʻopā ʻana a maʻa mau ka palupalu a ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻōpala o ka hua i hoʻomohala piha ʻia. Loaʻa kēia i ka hapa nui o nā hua waina hua ʻole, ka wai a me nā huaʻai ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonui ka poʻe hānai hua waina ʻole i kēia kaʻina hoʻomohala ʻāpana ma o ka wehe ʻana i nā hua e ulu ana ma mua o ka hoʻohua ʻana a hoʻoulu iā lākou i mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana moʻomeheu. Ma kēia ala, loaʻa i nā mākua ʻelua ke ʻano hua ʻole a laila e hoʻohua ai i ka nui o nā hua hua ʻole.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala hua no nā kumu he nui. He hua ʻole ka wai me ka maiʻa no ka mea he ʻekolu kā lākou mau chromosomes, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i kahi helu ʻē aʻe e hana ai i ka wā e hana ai lākou i ka pollen a me nā pūnaewele hua manu. Loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā mea ola ka helu like o nā chromosomes, no laila, loaʻa i nā hua manu a me nā pūnaewele pollen ka helu like o nā chromosomes i loaʻa i ka genetic material, e laʻa, DNA, e hui e hana i nā keiki. I ka hana ʻana o nā triploids i nā hua a me ka pollen, hoʻopuka ke kaʻina hana i kahi helu ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hopena o ka hua a me ka pollen ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hoʻomaikaʻi chromosome like, no laila nele lākou i ka ʻike e pono ai ke ola. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka pollen mai nā triploids a ʻaʻole i hana maikaʻi ʻia.
Ke alake
Hiki mai nā mea ola triploid a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ala ʻana i kahi diploid (ʻelua pūʻulu chromosomes) me kahi tetraploid (ʻehā mau pūʻulu chromosomes) e hana i kahi triploid. I ka hihia o ka wai, pono ka pollination no ka ulu ʻana o ka hua a no ka mea ʻaʻole e ulu ka pollen triploid, ua kanu ʻia nā ʻano ʻano diploid e hoʻolako i ka pollen e hoʻoulu ai i ka hua me ka ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hua keʻokeʻo i loko o ka melika
ʻO Stenospermocarpic seedless i nā hua waina a pau i aʻo ʻia i kēia manawa ma muli o kahi "mutation point" pōʻino maoli ma ka ʻāpana o ka chromosome hua waina i kuleana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua. Nui ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo mutation a i ʻole mutant i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili maikaʻi ʻole, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hoʻololi a mākou e ʻike ai he mea maʻamau.
Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e hoʻomohala i nā cherries hua ʻole. Eia naʻe, aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka "lua" a me ka hua. ʻO ka lua ka ʻiʻo paʻakikī a me ka pōhaku e hoʻopuni ana i ka hua i loko o nā ʻoliva, cherries, peaches, plums a me nā apricots a ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana o ka hua. Ua hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻomohala i nā cherries hua ʻole akā ʻaʻole pitless.
Hiki ke hoʻololi a ʻaʻole paha ke ʻano o ka hua. Hiki i ka hua i loko o ka hua ke kōkua i ka huki ʻana i ka ikehu a me nā meaʻai i loko o ka hua e hoʻololi i nā ʻano e like me ka nui o nā meaʻai a me ke kō, ka nui o ka hua, ka helu hua, ka manawa o ke oʻo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hana maikaʻi nā Breeders a me nā mea horticulturalists me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hana maʻamau a me nā hana hana e lanakila ai i kēia mau palena.
No ka 'ike hou aku:
Hawaii State University
www.canr.msu.edu