Jianming Xie1,2 & Jihua Yu1,2 & Baihong Chen1,2 & Zhi Feng1,2 & Jian Lyu1,2 & Linli Hu1,2 & Yantai Gan3 &
Kadambot H. M. Siddique4
1. Ke Keʻena Hana Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Gansu o Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Kina
2. Ke Kulanui o Horticulture, Ke Kulanui ʻAi ʻAi ʻo Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, Kina
3. Mahiʻai a me ka ʻAi-ʻai Kanada, Swift Current Research and Development Center, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Kanada
4. Ka UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Ma nā ʻāina / ʻāina me ka hoʻokele waiwai wikiwiki, e like me ʻApelika, Kina, a me India, e emi koke ana ka ʻāina mahiʻai ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a me nā hoʻohana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe no ka ʻāina. Hoʻokumu kēia i nā paʻakikī i loaʻa ʻole ma mua e hoʻohua i ka meaʻai e hoʻomāʻona i nā koi i hoʻonui ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻeka e like me ka wao nahele a hiki ʻole ke hoʻoulu ʻia no ka hana ʻai? Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu lā i loaʻa nui no ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā mea kanu i nā kaiapuni i hoʻomalu ʻia, e like me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka lā? Ma ʻaneʻi, nānā mākou i kahi ʻōnaehana mahiʻai hou, ʻo ia hoʻi "Mahiai Gobi." ʻIke mākou he ʻeono mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻo Gobi: (i) hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā kumuwaiwai ʻāina e like me ka wao nahele me ka ikehu o ka lā ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu wale nō e hoʻohua ai i nā huaʻai hou a me nā mea kanu i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻaʻole e like me ka hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau kahi e pono ai ka ikehu. māʻona ma o ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku a i ʻole ka hoʻohana uila; (ii) ua hana ʻia nā pūʻulu o kēlā me kēia mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina e like me ka lepo lepo no nā paia ʻākau o nā hale; (iii) ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻāina (nā hua hou no kēlā me kēia ʻāina i kēlā me kēia makahiki) he 10-27 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai hoʻohana pono 20-ʻOi aku ka nui o 35 mau manawa ma mua o ka māla ākea, nā ʻōnaehana mahi irrigated; (iv) hāʻawi nui ʻia nā meaʻai meaʻai ma o nā substrates organik i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea momona inorganic synthetic i ka hana ʻana; (v) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka wāwae kaiapuni o nā huahana ma mua o ka mahi ʻai ākea ma muli o ka ikehu o ka lā ʻo ia wale nō ke kumu ikehu a me nā hua kiʻekiʻe o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka hoʻokomo; a (vi) hana ia i ka hana kua'āina, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa o nā kaiāulu kua'āina. ʻOiai ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano he "ʻO ka hana mana ʻo Gobi-land" no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka socioeconomic, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia nā pilikia he nui, e like me ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, ka palekana o ka huahana, a me nā hopena kaiaola. Manaʻo mākou e hoʻomohala ʻia nā kulekele kūpono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana i ka hana meaʻai a hoʻonui i ka socioeconomic kuaʻāina ʻoiai e pale ana i ke kaiaola fragile.
Introduction
ʻO ka ʻāina ʻāina no ka mahiʻai he kumu waiwai palena ʻole (Liu et al. 2017). Ma nā ʻāina me ka hoʻokele waiwai wikiwiki, e like me Kina, India, a me ʻApelika, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka nui o ka ʻāina mahiʻai i hoʻohana ʻoihana (Cakir et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2000). Ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ke kūlanakauhale e hoʻokūkū nei no ka ʻāina me ka mahiʻai (Zhang et al. 2016; Mueller et al. 2012), aia kahi paʻakikī i ʻike ʻole ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kanu e hoʻokō i nā pono meaʻai a me nā makemake o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka (Godfray et al. 2010). Hiki i nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia me nā ʻāina ākea nui, e like me Australia, Kanada, a me ʻAmelika, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā wahi mauʻu i ʻāina mahiʻai no nā mākeke palaoa honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hana ʻana pēlā hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka nalowale o nā mālama kalapona a loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni (Godfray 2011).
I loko o nā ʻāina maloʻo a me semiarid, aia nā wahi ākea o "ʻāina ʻo Gobi" (i wehewehe ʻia he ʻāina non-arable), me 1.95 miliona ʻeka o ka ʻāina ʻano wao nahele ma nā panalāʻau ʻeono o ke komohana ʻākau o Kina (Liu et al. 2010). Ke hana nei ʻo Kina i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻomohala i kēia ʻāina Gobi no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana huaʻai hou, i kapa ʻia "Mahiai Gobi." Ua wehewehe mākou i kēia ʻōnaehana mahiʻai "He ʻōnaehana mahiʻai me ka pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana mahiʻai i kūkulu ʻia i ka ʻāina, i hana ʻia e ka lā no ka hana ʻana i nā hua hou kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai a me nā mea hoʻonaninani) ma ke ʻano maikaʻi, maikaʻi a waiwai." (Xie et al. 2017). Ma kekahi mau ʻōnaehana puʻupuʻu paʻakikī, hiki ke nānā ʻia nā kūlana climatic o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā logger data. ʻAʻole e like me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau a i ʻole nā hale aniani kahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ai ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu (ʻelua mau kumukūʻai nui e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo) e hāʻawi pinepine ʻia e ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku (diesel, fuel oil, liquid petroleum, gas) e hoʻonui ai i ka CO.2 ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomehana uila e hoʻopau i ka ikehu (Hassanien et al. 2016; Wan et al. 2017), "Mahiai Gobi" hilinaʻi piha nā ʻōnaehana i ka ikehu lā no ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu kūlohelohe i biomass mea kanu.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ulu wikiwiki ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina Gobi no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai ma Kina (Zhang et al. 2015). Ma nā ʻāpana komohana ʻākau, hoʻopuka nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻo Gobi i ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu i ʻai ʻia ma ka ʻāina. He hana koʻikoʻi kēia ʻōnaehana i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomau socioecological, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiāulu kaiāulu. Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui kēia Gobi ʻāina mahiʻai a "ʻāina hou" ʻōnaehana mahiʻai. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana ʻo ia ka manawa kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai ma ka ʻāina hua ʻole. ʻO kēia ʻōnaehana mahiʻai hou paha he hana hoʻololi i ka mahiʻai hou. Eia naʻe, nele ka ʻike e pili ana i ka holomua ʻepekema o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi. Nui nā nīnau i pane ʻole ʻia: E ulu mau anei kēia ʻōnaehana i kahi ʻoihana hana ʻai meaʻai nui? Pehea e pili ai ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi i ka eco-environment i ka wā lōʻihi? Hiki i kēia "hana ʻia ma Kina" Hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike i nā ʻāina maloʻo ʻē aʻe me ka emi ʻana o nā ʻāina mahiʻai, e like me ka ʻākau o Kazakhstan (Kraemer et al. 2015), Siberia (Halicki a me Kulizhsky 2015), a ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻĀkau o ʻApelika (de Grassi a me Salah Ovadia 2017)?
Me kēia mau nīnau ma ka noʻonoʻo, ua hana mākou i kahi loiloi puke piha e pili ana i nā hanana hou a me nā ʻike noiʻi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai. ʻO nā pahuhopu o kēia pepa ʻo ia ka (i) hōʻike i ka holomua ʻepekema o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi i hāpai ʻia ma ka ʻākau o Kina, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka hoʻohana pono wai (WUE), nā ʻano meaʻai a me ka ikehu, a me nā hopena kaiaola a me ke kaiapuni; (ii) kūkākūkā i nā pilikia nui e kū nei i ka ʻōnaehana, e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai no ka hoʻoinu ʻana, ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o ka huahana, a me ka hopena hiki i ke kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu kuaʻāina; a (iii) hāʻawi i nā manaʻo manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho kulekele a me nā mea noiʻi mua no ka ʻimi olakino a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau lōʻihi o nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi.
He loiloi pōkole o nā ʻōnaehana o nā ʻōnaehana ʻāina Gobi
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi, ua hāʻawi mākou i kahi wehewehe pōkole o kā lākou hoʻolālā, ʻenekinia, a me ke kūkulu ʻana. Aia nā kikoʻī hou aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana i kahi loiloi hou (Xie et al. 2017). Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi i kanu ʻole ʻia kahi hiki ʻole ke hana i nā mea kanu maʻamau. Ua kūkulu ʻia nā hale ʻāina ʻo Gobi "nā pū'ālā" o na hui hana pakahi. ʻO kahi keʻena i hoʻohui ʻia maʻamau he nui (a hiki i nā haneli) mau ʻāpana mahiʻai a hale paha (Fig. 1a). Ke nānā ʻia nā kūlana microclimatic i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana mahiʻai e kahi kikowaena kikowaena kikowaena kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā sensor mamao,
Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā kūlana microclimatic, e like me ke ea a me ka haʻahaʻa i kekahi mau ʻāpana mahiʻai, aʻo nā ʻōnaehana nānā ʻē aʻe e ʻae i ka fertigation aunoa. ʻO kekahi mau ʻenehana holomua e like me ka Pūnaewele o nā mea (Wang a me Xu 2016) a i ʻole Pūnaewele o nā mea (Li et al. 2013) hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kikowaena mana e hāʻawi i ka heluhelu pololei ʻana o ka ʻikepili microclimatic i hoʻouna ʻia mai nā ʻāpana mahi hoʻokahi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō nui ʻia kēia mau mea ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kahi ʻāpana mahi ʻano maʻamau i loko o kahi keʻena puʻupuʻu i ka hikina-komohana a he ekolu mau pa ma ka aoao akau, hikina, a me ke komohana o ka hale. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka hale he hale hili ʻia i kākoʻo ʻia e ke kiʻi kila a uhi ʻia me ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni thermal plastic (Fig. 2). Hoʻopili pono ʻia ka hale e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka māmā i ka lā (Zhang et al. 2014). Mālama ʻia ka ikehu mai ka lā i loko o ka nui wela o nā paia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e like me ka wela i ka pō. I ka wā hoʻoilo, uhi ʻia ka hale me nā moena mauʻu i hana ʻia i ka hale i kēlā me kēia pō e mālama i ka mahana o loko (Tong et al. 2013).
ʻO kahi mea koʻikoʻi o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana mahiʻai ʻo ka pā ʻākau i kūkulu ʻia mai nā mea i loaʻa i ka wahi e like me nā pōhaku lepo (Wang et al. 2014), ʻohi i nā poloka mauʻu (Zhang et al. 2017), nā pōhaku lepo maʻamau me ka styrofoam (Xu et al. 2013), lele lehu masonry units (Xu et al. 2013), nā poloka pālolo i hui pū ʻia me ka pahu sima (Chen et al. 2012), rammed earth (Guan et al. 2013), a i ʻole ka lepo maka i hoʻohui ʻia me nā poloka sima. I kekahi mau ʻāpana, ua kūkulu ʻia ka pā ʻākau mai "mea hoʻololi pae" e hoʻonui i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a me ka hoʻololi ʻana, a, no laila, e hoʻemi i nā loli wela no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu (Guan et al. 2012).
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā keʻena hui ʻāina ʻo Gobi a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā hale aniani kahiko ke kumu mana. Hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana mahiʻai i ka ʻōnaehana ʻāina ʻo Gobi e ka ikehu lā. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pāhawewe lā e ka pā ʻākau i ke ao a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka pō. ʻO ka ikehu hoʻohana ʻole ʻia i ke ao he kumu ikehu hana i ka pō. A "pale wai" Hoʻohana maʻamau ka ʻōnaehana no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wela hou i nā pō hoʻoilo, kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia ai kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka lepo i loko o ka ʻāpana i ka wai e hoʻohana ai i mea hoʻololi wela (Xie et al. 2017). I ka lā, kaʻapuni ka wai a hele i loko o nā pale e hoʻoheheʻe ai i ka wai, me ka wela nui o ka lā i mālama ʻia i loko o ke kino wai; i ka pō, kaʻapuni ka wai mahana a hele i nā pale wai me ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa i loko o ka ʻāpana. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ma ka "pale wai" Aia ka ʻōnaehana i nā kumu he nui, e like me ka radiation solar direct, isotropic diffuse solar radiation mai ka lewa, ke aniani o ka lewa, a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka wela mai ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka hale (Han et al. 2014). Me ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai, hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wela.
Ka holomua ʻepekema o nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi
ʻOkoʻa nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoulu ʻāina ʻo Gobi mai ka mahiʻai maʻamau ma waho kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā mea kanu. He ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi lākou mai ka mahi ʻai ʻana i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau a i ʻole nā hale aniani kahi e hoʻolako nui ʻia ai ka ikehu e ke kinoea maoli a i ʻole ka uila. He mau hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka huaʻai
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hua o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻāina i hoʻohana ʻia) ma mua o ka mahiʻai maʻamau. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻāina hikina o ka Hexi Corridor ma Northwest China he wā lōʻihi (1960).-2009) ka lōʻihi o ka lā o 2945 h, ka mahana o ka ea makahiki 7.2 °C, a me ka wā hau ʻole o 155 mau lā (Chai et al. 2014c); ʻoi aku ka lawa o nā ʻāpana wela no ka hoʻohua ʻana i hoʻokahi hua i kēlā me kēia makahiki akā ʻaʻole lawa e hoʻohua i ʻelua mau mea kanu i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma lalo o nā ʻōnaehana ākea kuʻuna. Ma ka ʻōnaehana Gobi-land, hiki ke ulu i nā mea kanu i ka hapa nui o nā mahina a i ʻole a puni ka makahiki. ʻO ka awelika o nā hua makahiki ma mua o 5 mau makahiki (2012-2016) ma nā ʻāpana mahiʻai ma ka Jiuquan Experimental Station he 34 t ha.-1 no ka muskmelon (kukama melo L.), 66 t ha-1 no ka melika (ʻO Citrullus lanatus L.), 102 t ha 1 no ka pepa wela (Capsicum makahiki, C. frutescens), 168 t ha 1 no ka kukama (Cucumis sativus L.), a he 177 t ha 1 no ka tumato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), he 10-ʻO 27 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poʻe ma nā ʻōnaehana openfield kuʻuna ma lalo o nā kūlana climatic like (Xie et al. 2017). Ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena like ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Kina, e like me ka moku Wuwei ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka
Alanui Hexi. Ua helu ʻia kēia mau waiwai hua ma ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e nā ʻāpana mahiʻai, a me nā wahi maʻamau i kaʻana like ʻia e nā ʻāpana pākahi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu like. ʻO nā wahi maʻamau no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea komo a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana.
Hoʻonui i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai
ʻO kekahi o nā luʻi nui no ka mahiʻai ma nā wahi maloʻo a me semiarid ʻo ka nele o ka wai. Ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka WUE (ka hua ʻai no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana wai i hāʻawi ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia he kg ha-1 hua m-3 wai) i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu he mea koʻikoʻi no ka ola ʻana o ka mahiʻai. Hāʻawi nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi i nā pono mālama wai nui, kahi e hoʻohana ai nā mea kanu i ka wai liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mea kanu like i ulu ʻia ma nā ʻōnaehana ākea kuʻuna. No ka laʻana, ma luna o 4 mau makahiki (2012-2015) o nā ana ma kahi ʻōnaehana ʻāina ʻo Gobi ma ka kalana ʻo Jiuquan, koi ʻia ka ʻōmato 385-ʻO 466 mm ka nui o ka wai, ka evapotranspiration kau mai 350 a 428 mm, a ʻo ke kaupaona hou mai ka 86 a 152 t ha.-1. Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau mea kanu mea kanu nui ka WUE kiʻekiʻe (kg hua hou m-3), me 15-21 wai no ka muskmelon, 17-23 no ka pepa wela, 22-28 no ka melika, 2835 no ka kukumba, a me 35-51 kg no ka'ōmato. Ma kēia ʻōnaehana, he 20 ka WUE o ka tōmato-ʻOi aku ka nui o 35 mau manawa ma mua o nā mea kanu like i ulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai, nā ʻōnaehana ākea (Xie et al. 2017).
Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ke ʻano o ka WUE i hoʻonui ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana ʻāina Gobi. Manaʻo mākou ʻo nā kumu nui e hoʻokomo i kēia mau mea: (a) ʻo ka nui o ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu ma nā ʻōnaehana ʻāina ʻo Gobi e pili ana i nā koi mea kanu no ka ulu maikaʻi loa (Liang et al. 2014) ka mea i koho mua ʻia a hoʻomalu ʻia ma o ka mika wai i hoʻokomo ʻia (Fig. 3a). Ma muli o ka mea hoʻohana hui'ʻO ka ʻike a me ka ʻike, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi ʻano irrigation deficit i hoʻoponopono ʻia (Fig. 3b) e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka wai i nā pae ulu koʻikoʻi ʻole (Chai et al. 2014b). Hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻōnaehana pale mea kanu e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ke kaumaha maloʻo (Romero a me Martinez-Cutillas 2012; Wan et al. 2012). ʻO ka nui o ka hopena o ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o ka irrigation deficit i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mea kanu like ʻole me nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe (Chen et al. 2013; Wan et al. 2010); (b) Ke hoʻomaikaʻi mau nei nā ʻenehana irrigation i nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi, e like me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i lalo o ka ʻāina (Fig. 3c) ʻo ia ke ʻano hana irrigation kaulana loa; (c) hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano mulching like ʻole e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka wai o ka lepo. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka wahi o ke kanu ʻana i loko o ka mea kanu i ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ka wā ulu (Fig. 3d), me nā wahi ma waena o nā lālani mea kanu (Fig. 3e). ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ea a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea, ʻo ia nā kumu nui ʻelua i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka wai; (d) ua hana hou ʻia kekahi pākēneka o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka ʻili lepo i loko o ka ʻāpana mahiʻai no ka mea aia ka mahi ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa; a (e) hoʻohana ʻia nā hana agronomic paʻakikī no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu ma ka ʻāpana mahiʻai (Fig. 3f), e like me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā lālā e hoʻonui i ke komo ʻana o ka māmā (Du et al. 2016), ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ventila e kaulike i ka CO2 no nā mea kanu photosynthesis a me nā maʻi (Yang et al. 2017), a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻāpana kumu ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana no kekahi mau lā e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka lepo (Li et al. 2016); kōkua kēia mau mea a pau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua a hoʻonui i ka WUE.
Hoʻonui maikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai
ʻAʻole like me ka mahiʻai maʻamau ma kahi ākea kahi o nā mea kanu synthetic ke kumu nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu, nā mea kūlohelohe - e like me ka mauʻu hua, manure holoholona a me nā huahana mai ka ʻoihana meaʻai, nā kaʻina hana ikehu, a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻōpala kanaka.-ʻO ia ke kumu meaʻai nui ma nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi. Hōʻike nā mea ʻōpala i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i ka pāpaʻi pāʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau. No ke kūpono ʻana ma ke ʻano he substrate no ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi, pono e loaʻa i nā mea kūlohelohe nā ʻano aʻe (Fu et al. 2018; Fu a me Liu 2016; Fu et al. 2017; Ling et al. 2015; Mele et al. 2013): (i) haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa puʻupuʻu, porosity kiʻekiʻe, a kiʻekiʻe ka paʻa wai; (ii) hiki ke hoʻololi i ka cation kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻike meaʻai mineral, a me ka pH kūpono a me ka EC; (iii) hoʻonui i ka hana enzyme, hana maʻamau me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano microorganism kūpono; (iv) lohi hoʻohaʻahaʻa; a (v) kaawale i na anoano mauu a me na mea ma'i mai ka lepo. ʻO ke ʻano mea, ke ʻano hana, ke ʻano o ka decomposition, a me nā kūlana climatic kahi i hana ʻia ai nā substrate hiki ke hoʻopili i ke kino, kemika, a me nā waiwai ola o ka mea organik a, no laila, ka maikaʻi o ka substrate (Fu et al. 2017; Mele et al. 2013).
ʻO ka hana ʻana o kahi substrate homemade maʻamau e pili ana i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu (Fig. 4a): (i) hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka mauʻu huaʻai (e like me ka maile) mai nā ʻōnaehana hana kuʻuna ākea ma nā kauhale kūloko, lawe ʻia i kahi kahua kokoke i ka hale, ʻoki ʻia i 3-5 knm ka lōʻihi, ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka fertilizer nitrogen (1.4 kg N no 1000 kg o ka mauʻu maloʻo maloʻo) e hoʻoponopono i ka ratio C:N o ka compost ma kahi o 15:1; (ii) e pili ana i 1 kg o ka microorganism inoculation product no 1000 kg o nā mea olaola i hoʻohui ʻia; (iii) ʻo ka 1st stage of fermentation e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mauʻu ma ka honua (e laʻa, 1.2 m kiʻekiʻe x 3.0 m ākea ma lalo a 2.0 m ākea ma luna) ma mua o ka wahī ʻana me ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni plastik; (iv) nānā ʻia ka mahana o ka puʻu a hoʻohui ʻia ka wai no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ma 60-65% no ka hana microorganism maikaʻi loa; (v) ʻo ka lua o ka fermentation pono e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēlā me kēia 68 mau lā a nānā i ka mahana ma luna o 30 cm. ʻO kēia haʻalulu manawaleʻa e hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana o ka mahana a me ka makū i kahi pae maikaʻi loa no ka hana microbial; a (vi) ma kahi o ka lā 32-34 ma hope o ka fermentation, hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka mea i kahi hale mālama i mākaukau no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahi kanu. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka substrate homemade ma 2-3 t ha 1 i nā wahi mahiʻai i loko o ka hui mahiʻai a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki i ka mahi ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ka meaʻai o nā substrates i kahi pae hana ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā meaʻai i waho (Fig. 4b). Loaʻa ka mauʻu no ka substrate organik, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hana hana e hoʻohana i nā mīkini i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka hale.
ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o nā meaʻai substrate i nā mea kanu ma waena o nā hale hui. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina (1) i kahi ʻauwaha, kahi o nā ʻauwaha (maʻamau 0.4-0.6 m laula, 0.2-0.3 m hohonu, me 0.8-1.0 m ma waena o nā ʻauwaha e kū ana ma ka ʻākau-ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema) ua hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina i loko o ka ʻāpana mahiʻai, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka koneki, nā poloka lāʻau a i ʻole nā pilikia, i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka substrate ma mua o ke kanu ʻana (Fig. 5a), a uhi ʻia me kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu (Fig. 5b). Ke kūkulu ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻauwaha no ka hana mau ʻana ma mua o 20 mau makahiki; a i ʻole (2) mau ʻeke ʻeke holoʻokoʻa, kahi i wahī ʻia ai ka substrate i loko o nā ʻeke plastik pākahi (ʻo ke anawaena maʻamau o kahi ʻeke he 0.5 m anawaena a he 1.0 m ka lōʻihi) i loko o kahi micro-environment paʻa. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā meaʻai mai nā ʻeke i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu (Fig. 5c). Hana ʻia nā lua ma luna o nā ʻeke no ke kanu ʻana i nā hua (Fig. 5d) a hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai ma nā lua.
ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano ʻelua i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ke ala ʻauwaha e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke hoʻohui maʻalahi i nā mea kanu i nā substrates inā pono. No kekahi mau mea kanu, e like me ka wai, pono ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kanu inorganic e hōʻoia i ka huahana kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manure organik me nā mea hoʻomomona inorganic hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hua kanu akā waiho i nā koena meaʻai i loko o ka lepo a me nā koina nitrate-N kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka lepo (Gao et al. 2012). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ala holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana ʻauwaha (Yuan et al. 2013) no ka mea, hiki i nā ʻeke ʻōwili ʻia ke hoʻokaʻawale kino ʻia ka substrate mai ka lepo; no laila, e hōʻemi ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā substrates me nā pathogens e lawe ʻia i ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hōʻino ʻia nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka substrate (i loko o nā ʻauwaha a i ʻole nā ʻeke ʻeke) i kēlā me kēia kau ʻoki (Song et al. 2013), ka mea e ho'ēmi ai i ka mana o ka lako meaʻai (Song etal. 2013). No laila, pono ke hoʻololi hou i ka substrate.
Hoʻonui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ikehu lā. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka hale e mālama i ka mehana e like me ka hiki ke hoʻohana a mālama i ka ikehu mai ka lā. He mea nui ka lōʻihi o ka lā i kēlā me kēia lā, ka ikaika o ka pāhawewe lā, a me nā lā hau hau ʻole makahiki no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā ʻāpana mahiʻai. ʻO ka hikina a i ke kikowaena Hexi Corridor, e like me Wuwei county (37° 96' N, 102° 64' E), ʻo Gansu Province, he wahi ʻelele kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā hale hui ʻo Gobiland. He awelika 6150 MJ m 2 ʻO ka hahau ʻana o ka lā makahiki a me 156 mau lā hau ʻole e hiki ai i nā ʻano mea kanu he nui ke oʻo me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka radiation solar, hoʻohana nā luna o nā ʻāpana mahiʻai i nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻonui ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a hoʻonui i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wela, e like me nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ke kiʻi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i hoʻopili ʻia i ka paia ʻākau (Xu et al. 2014), nā papa kala mālama wela i kau ʻia ma luna o ka hale (Sun et al. 2013), nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa wela o ka lepo pāpaʻu e hoʻonui i ka mahana o loko (Xu et al. 2014), a hoʻohana ʻia ka geotextile ma ke ʻano he uhi lepo no ka mālama ʻana i ka wela. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia nā paila wela o ka lā no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mahana o ka wai i loko o nā pahu wai wela ma kekahi mau ʻāpana mahiʻai (Zhou et al. 2016). I kēia mau lā, ua kau ʻia nā papa kala mālama wela ma luna o ka hale no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela (Sun et al. 2013). I loko o kekahi o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka lā ma ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana lā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, ka hana mana photovoltaic, a me ka hoʻohana māmā ʻana (Cuce et al. 2016). Ua holomua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu lā no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā wahi he nui (Farjana et al. 2018), me Australia, Iapana (Cossu et al. 2017), ʻIseraʻela (Castello et al. 2017), a me Kelemānia (Schmidt et al. 2012), a me nā ʻāina ulu e like me Nepal (Fuller a me Zahnd 2012) a me India (Tiwari et al. 2016). Ma Kina, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā modula solar hou i kēia manawa, me kahi manawa uku uku o 9 mau makahiki (Wang et al. 2017). Manaʻo mākou i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai me ka ʻenehana solar ʻoi aku ka holomua, e pōkole ka manawa uku.
Hiki ke piʻi ka mahana o ka ea ma loko a ma waho o nā hale hui pūʻulu mai 20 a 35 °C i ka hoʻoilo anuanu ma ka ʻākau o Kina. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā hale lā ma Lingyuan (41° 20' N, 119° 31' E) ma ka ʻāina ʻo Liaoning, ma ka hikina ʻākau o Kina, ma kahi 12-m ka lōʻihi, 5.5-m ke kiʻekiʻe, 65-m ka lōʻihi o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo lā me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokuʻu wela, ʻo ka mahana o ka pō i loko a hiki i 13 °C a ʻo waho ka -25.8 °C, he ʻokoʻa o 39 °C (Sunetal. 2013).
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu lā no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai he hiʻohiʻona nui o "Mahiai Gobi" nā ʻōnaehana ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina. He ʻokoʻa kēia mai nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahiko a i ʻole nā hale aniani e koi ana i nā mea hoʻokomo ikehu o waho e ulu ai i nā mea kanu, hiki ke lilo i ka waiwai a me ke kaiapuni (Hassanien et al. 2016; Canakci et al. 2013; Wan et al. 2017). No ka laʻana, hiki ke ʻoi aku ka awelika o ka ikehu uila makahiki ma nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau ma mua o 500 kW h m y (Hassanien et al. 2016), me nā koina kiʻekiʻe e like me USD $65,000150,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki (ma kahi hoʻopaʻa noiʻi ʻo Turkey) (Canakci et al. 2013). Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu maʻamau ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu a me nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻoiho kalapona.
Pomaikai kaiapuni
ʻO ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo mahiʻai me nā wahie mōʻalihaku, e like me ka lanahu, ka aila, a me ke kinoea maoli, kōkua i ka hoʻoiho kalapona a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. Hāʻawi nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi i hoʻonui ʻia ma muli o (i) hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻoiai ke hilinaʻi nei ka mahi ʻana i ka mana o ka lā, ʻaʻole like me nā hale aniani maʻamau kahi e hoʻolako ʻia ai ka mana ma o ka uila a i ʻole ke kinoea maoli e hoʻopuka ana i nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea hoʻomehana honua; (ii) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, no ka mea, e ulu ana ka mahiʻai ma lalo o ka hale i uhi ʻia i ka plastik me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka lepo a me ka ratio kiʻekiʻe o ka transpiration: evaporation. Mālama ʻia ka irrigation a mālama ʻia e kahi kamepiula kikowaena e hiki ai i ka hoʻoinu kūpono me ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai; (iii) Hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa (Chai et al. 2012) a i ʻole ka wāwae wāwae o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kaumaha o ka mea kanu hou e pili ana i ka loiloi pōʻaiapili ola (Chai et al. 2014a). ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hua i ulu ʻia i loko o nā keʻena puʻupuʻu i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka hoʻokomo (e like me ka mea hoʻomomona, wahi hoʻohana ʻāina) me ka CO lewa.2 ua hoʻololi ʻia i mea kanu biomass ma o ka photosynthesis i hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana mahi ākea (Chang et al. 2013); a (iv) hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā substrates compost ke hoʻonui i ke kalapona lepo i ka manawa (Jaiarree et al. 2014; Chai et al. 2014a).
Ua manaʻo kekahi mau noiʻi hihia i ka net CO2 ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana e nā mea kanu i loko o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai plastik solar-energy i ʻewalu mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana ākea ākea (Wang et al. 2011). ʻOi aku CO2 ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana mahi ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka CO2 hoʻokuʻu i ka lewa (Wu et al. 2015). Hoʻololi ka nui o ka hopena me ka ʻāina a me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana mahiʻai (Chai et al. 2014c). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki i nā mea kanu ke hoʻoponopono hou i ka CO2 mai ka lewa me ka emi ʻana o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kēlā me kēia kg o ka huahana (Chang et al. 2011). ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia kahi hoʻomehana hou i nā ʻāpana mahiʻai, ʻoiai i ka wā hoʻoilo, mālama ʻia ma kahi o 750 Mg ha.-1 o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hana maʻamau, ka hana ʻana i ka hale kōmaena me ka lanahu (Gao et al. 2010). ʻO ka mahiʻai ʻo Gobiland kahi ʻōnaehana carbon-smart no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā loiloi o ke ola no ka mahi ʻana i nā hale ma ka palapala, a ʻoi aku ka noiʻi hohonu e loiloi i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o kēia mau ʻōnaehana mahiʻai.
Nā pōmaikaʻi kaiaola
He waiwai nui ka Northwestern Kina i ka lā a me nā kumu wela me ka lā makahiki mai 2800 a 3300 h. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi i hui pū ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā kumu kukui a me ka wela i ka hana meaʻai a hāʻawi i nā pono kaiaola nui, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei.
ʻO ka mua, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāina Gobi e hana i nā mea kanu maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻai. Ma Kina, he 100 ha ka awelika o ka aina mahiai no 8 kapita (FAOSTAT 2014), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka 52 ha ma USA, 125 ha ma Kanada, a me 214 ha ma Australia. Ke emi wikiwiki nei ka waiwai o nā mea kanu ma Kina ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ke kūlanakauhale. Ma mua o ka palena o ka ʻāina mahiʻai no kēlā me kēia kanaka, hui pū ʻia me ka ʻāina mahiʻai i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, ua hana ʻo Kina i ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻāina nui ʻo Gobi no ka mahiʻai ʻana (Jiang et al. 2014). ʻAʻole hiki ke mahiʻai kuʻuna ma ka ʻano wao nahele, ʻāina ʻo Gobi hua ʻole (Fig. 6a). ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā hale mahiʻai ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi e hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā paio ʻāina ma waena o ka mahiʻai a me nā ʻāpana waiwai ʻē aʻe (Fig. 6b) a me ke kōkua ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka lako meaʻai no ka ʻāina nui loa.
ʻO ka lua, hoʻohana nui ka ʻōnaehana hana i nā kumuwaiwai kūloko. Kūkulu ʻia a kākoʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana mahiʻai i nā papa i hana ʻia mai ka lāʻau, ka ʻohe, a i ʻole nā koʻokoʻo kila. I ka hooilo anuanu, ʻolokaʻa ʻia nā moena mauʻu i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole nā pākeʻe lole wela ma luna o ka hale sloped no ka pale ʻana. Kūkulu ʻia nā paia ʻākau o nā ʻāpana mahiʻai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa i ka ʻāina, e like me nā poloka i kālai ʻia a me ka mauʻu (Fig. 7a), ʻeke one (Fig. 7b), he pōhaku-ka hui ʻana o ka sima (Fig. 7c), a i ʻole nā pōhaku maʻamau (Fig. 7d).
Hāʻawi nā mea i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina i nā pōmaikaʻi kaiaola a me ka hoʻokele waiwai no ka mea hiki ke loaʻa ma ke kumukūʻai a ʻohi ʻia paha me ka manuahi (e laʻa, nā pōhaku a me nā pōhaku ma nā wahi wao nahele kokoke), me ka liʻiliʻi o ka lawe ʻana. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa mālie nā lako no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea waiwai, ka hana ʻana i nā substrate, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu no ka mahi ʻana i nā hale hui; kōkua kēia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hemahema o ka hana mahiʻai ma kekahi mau wahi kuaʻāina ma Kina.
ʻO ke kolu, hāʻawi kēia ʻōnaehana mahiʻai i nā manawa no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ecology kūloko. Ma kahi hapa nui o ke komohana ʻākau o Kina, ʻaʻohe mea ulu ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi (Fig. 6a) ka hopena o nā kaiaola palupalu. He mea maʻamau ka hili ʻana o ka makani a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. Hoʻomaka ka ʻino lepo ma ke komohana ʻākau a hiki i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Asia. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoulu ʻia o ka lā i ka manawa like i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāina kūpono ma Kina, akā he hana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka palupalu kaiaola ma ka wao nahele a hiki i nā wahi maloʻo ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina (Gao et al. 2010; Wan et al. 2017). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi i haʻalele ʻia i ʻāina mahiʻai hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kaiaola hou, e hoʻololi ai i ke ʻano kūlohelohe kahiko a hoʻonani i ke kaiaola.
Nā hopena i ke kūpaʻa o nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina
ʻO ka hoʻomohala socioeconomic ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina ua haʻalele ma hope o nā ʻāpana waena a me ka hikina, me nā ʻāpana kaiāulu he nui ma lalo o ka pae ʻilihune aupuni. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi ākea o ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu e wehe i kahi puka no kēia ʻāina e hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka socioeconomic. Hoʻololi ia i ka hemahema o ka desertification ʻo Gobi i mau pono hoʻokele waiwai kūloko, ʻaʻole wale ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai akā ke alakaʻi nei i nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina. Ke lilo nei kēia ʻōnaehana mahiʻai haʻahaʻa i mea nui no ka hui ʻana i nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina.
Hoʻoulu ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻo Gobi-land i ka hana ʻai a hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā o ka home. Ma na wahi me ka wela maluna -28 °C i ka hoʻoilo, hoʻohana piha nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka lā i ka ikehu o ka lā a me ka ʻāina hiki ʻole ke hoʻohua i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu a puni ka makahiki. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu i loko o nā ʻāpana mahiʻai i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mahina ʻai me ka ratio kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻokomo i nā huahana. Ua kālailai mākou i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma 14 mau haʻawina me 120 solar-energy cultivation units (Xie et al. 2017) e ʻike i ka loaʻa kālā awelika o USD $56,650 ha 1 y 1, he 10-ʻO 30 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēlā mai ka hana ākea ma ka pae honua hoʻokahi. ʻO ka hopena, he 10 ka loaʻa kālā mai ka mahi ʻai meaʻai-ʻOi aku ka nui o 15 mau manawa ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu ākea a me 70-125 manawa ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka palaoa ākea (ʻO Zea Mays) aiʻole ka palaoa (Triticum estivum) Hana.
ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ʻōnaehana mahiʻai hou e hana i nā manawa hana kuaʻāina. Hoʻololi ka mahiʻai ʻana i ka wā hoʻoilo i kahi wā paʻa a hoʻohua, e hana ana i nā manawa hana ma ke kuaʻāina, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā e ulu pinepine ai nā ʻohana mahiʻai. "home-hoʻokahi" me ka hana ole. ʻO ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā lau ʻai ʻoi loa ka hana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā limahana kuaʻāina he nui i ka mahiʻai hale (Fig. 8a), aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka lawe ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana i nā kaiāulu kūloko a kokoke paha (Fig. 8b). ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka hana ʻana, mālama ʻana, mālama ʻana, a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua hou e hāʻawi i nā manawa hana i ka wā i hala ʻole ai, e kōkua ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kaiāulu kuʻikahi (Fig. 8c) a hui pū i ka ʻuhane kaiāulu kuaʻāina.
ʻAʻohe hōʻike i paʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka hopena o ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai huipuʻu i ka ulu ʻana o ke kaiāulu kuaʻāina. Manaʻo mākou e kōkua kēia mau ʻōnaehana i ka ola a me ke kūpaʻa o nā kaiāulu kua'āina. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi e hiki ai i ka mahiʻai ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina ke hoʻonui ma mua o ka palena o ka hana mua. No laila, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ola o ke kaiāulu a me ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi no ka mea (i) hoʻomohala mau ʻia nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka substrate, a me nā hana hoʻomalu pest, a lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi no nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina e hoʻomohala i loko. he ʻano hoʻomau; (ii) hoʻolako ʻia nā huaʻai hou a puni ka makahiki i ka mahiʻai ʻana i ke kaiāulu, e hoʻomāʻona i nā koi i hoʻonui ʻia o nā kupa waena no nā meaʻai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke olakino; a me (iii) ka hookumu ana i ka mea kanu hou e kokua i ka hooikaika ana i ka lokahi kuloko o na hui liilii, no ka mea, ke koi aku nei na kamaaina o ka lahui liilii i na mea ai like ole me na hiohiona like ole, i maona mai na hua hou o ka makahiki holookoa.
Nā pilikia nui
Ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻo Gobi ma Kina i nā makahiki i hala aku nei me ka hiki ke hoʻonui i nā wahi hale a me nā pae hana (Jiang et al. 2015). Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau pilikia a me nā pilikia.
Kaohi waiwai wai
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa no ka mahiʻai ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina, ʻo ia ka nele o ka wai. He haʻahaʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe makahiki ma < 760 m3 per kapita y 1 (Chai et al. 2014b). Ma ka Hexi Corridor o Gansu Province, he 160 mm (Deng et al. 2006). Nui nā ʻāina i hoʻohua mua ʻia ma ke alanui Silk "ua kāhea" i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma muli o ka nele o ka wai. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o ka mahiʻai ākea "ka wai kahe" irrigation i oi aku mamua o 10,000 m3 ha-1 i kēlā me kēia kau kanu (Chai et al. 2016). ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai e hōʻino hou aʻe i ke kaiaola a hoʻopau i nā kumu wai honua hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi hou ʻia (Martinez-Fernandez a me Esteve 2005). Pono ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka nui o ka wai no ka wā ulu lōʻihi, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka ua ke hoʻokō i nā pono no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Ma ka Hexi Corridor o Gansu Province, kahi i hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻia ai nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ke kumu nui o ka wai no nā ʻāpana āpau mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka hau ma ka mauna Qilian i ka hoʻoilo, me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kauwela e hānai ana i nā muliwai a me ka wai honua. nā awāwa (Chai et al. 2014b). I nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua piʻi i luna ka pae hau hiki ke ana ʻia ma ka mauna Qilian ma kahi o 0.2 a 1.0 m i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Che a me Li. 2005), ʻoiai ua hāʻule mau ka papa wai ma lalo o nā awāwa (i hoʻolako ʻia e ka wai mai nā mauna) a ua emi nui ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka honua (Zhang 2007). No laila, e nalo mālie ana kekahi mau oases maoli ma ke alanui Silk kahiko. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi ʻeli ʻana o nā hale wai no ka mālama ʻana i ka ua e hāʻawi i ka wai hoʻohui, akā haʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi. Pehea e mālama ai i ka wai a hoʻomaikaʻi paha i ka WUE i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka ola lōʻihi o nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi.
Nā kaiaola palupalu
Ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina, ʻilihune ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā mauna a me nā awāwa, me nā oases a me ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi, e hana i kahi kaiaola paʻakikī. ʻO ka maloʻo pinepine a me nā ʻino lepo e hōʻino ana i ke kaiaola. Ma kahi o 88% o ka nui o ka ʻāpana o Gansu Hexi Corridor i loaʻa i ka wao nahele, a ke neʻe nei ka laina o ka desertification i ka hema i ka ʻāina mahiʻai. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma ke komohana komohana o Kina "makani pōhaku ma nā wahi a pau me ka mauʻu e ulu ana ma kahi," he hōʻike i ke kaiaola palupalu. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticide i ka mahi ʻana i nā hale hana he pōʻino kaiapuni a me ke olakino olakino i nā limahana. ʻO ka nele o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono no nā substrates organik i hana hou ʻia e hoʻohaumia i nā kumu wai o ka honua, e lawe mai ana i nā hopohopo no ka lehulehu.
Kaohi waiwai hana
He haʻahaʻa a lawa ʻole ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā limahana no ka mahiʻai, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā limahana ʻōpio e neʻe i nā kūlanakauhale e hana ai i mea e ola ai, e alakaʻi ana i ka hemahema o nā kumuwaiwai hana mahiʻai ma nā kuaʻāina. ʻAʻole maikaʻi nā kulekele aupuni o kēia manawa no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka makemake o ka poʻe mahiʻai e mahi i ka ʻāina mahiʻai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kaiāulu kuaʻāina, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka nele o nā limahana kuaʻāina. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mahiʻai ʻohana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻokele mahiʻai, a ʻo nā kulekele aupuni o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka ʻona ʻāina hiki ke pāpā i ka poʻe mahiʻai mai ke kūʻai ʻana a kūʻai aku i ka ʻāina, hiki ke kaohi i ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai. Eia hou, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā pae hoʻonaʻauao ma ke komohana ʻākau ma mua o ka waena a me ka hikina. Ua hoʻokō ke Aupuni Central i nā kulekele o ka hoʻonaʻauao koi no ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, akā hiki ʻole i nā poʻe he nui ma ke komohana ʻākau ke hoʻopau i nā makahiki 9 o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Hiki i nā mea a pau i luna ke hana i kahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā limahana kuaʻāina, hiki ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ʻāina ʻo Gobi.
Ka hoomau waiwai
Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kūlana ola, koi nā mea kūʻai aku i kahi ʻano huahana hou o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe a me ka waiwai waiwai. Aia ka heluna kanaka liʻiliʻi nui (ʻo Hui a me Dongxiang ka inoa) ma ke komohana ʻākau me kahi ʻano meaʻai meaʻai nui, e koi ana i nā huahana like ʻole e hoʻokō i kā lākou pono. Hoʻokumu kēia i nā manawa no nā mākeke hou me nā huahana hou. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke maʻalahi ka mākeke no nā hua hou i hoʻolako ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi no ka mea ʻo ka heluna o nā panalāʻau ʻeono ma ke komohana ʻākau he 6.6% wale nō o ka ʻāina.'s huina, me ka loaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia no kēlā me kēia kapita. I ka makahiki 2012, he 26,733 Yuan (e like me ka USD $4100) ka GDP no kēlā me kēia poʻe ma nā ʻāina ʻeono komohana komohana.'s awelika. ʻO ka loaʻa kālā haʻahaʻa me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kūʻai aku hiki ke kaohi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mākeke hou ma nā wahi kūloko a lawe i nā pilikia nui no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka wā lōʻihi. Pono nā haʻawina e noiʻi i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomau ʻana o kēia ʻōnaehana, a me nā mea e hiki ke hana ʻia e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻIke mākou he hiki ke kūʻai aku i nā meaʻai hou i nā ʻāpana waena a me ka hikina o ka ʻāina. Manaʻo mākou e nānā pono nā mea nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mākeke: (i) hoʻokumu i ka mea i kapa ʻia "kaulahao deragona" marketing logistics e pili ana "ka mahiʻai-poʻe kūʻai manuahi-mea kuai hou-nā mea kūʻai mai" i ke kaulahao waiwai; (ii) ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana kikoʻī no ka neʻe ʻana o nā huahana mahiʻai; a (iii) ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mīkini no ka hoʻomalu maikaʻi ʻana, ka ʻinikua palekana, a me ke kumu kūʻai kūpono.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ke olakino
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā metala kaumaha ma kekahi mau ʻāina hale ma mua o nā kula ākea. Loaʻa i nā hua i ulu ʻia i ka hale i kekahi manawa ka nui o nā metala kaumaha ma mua o nā mea kanu openfield (Chen et al. 2016), no ka mea ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōpala kanaka a me nā mea ʻōpala ʻē aʻe i loko o nā substrates. I kekahi mau hale hana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu synthetic a hiki i 670 kg N ha 1, me 1230 kg N ha 1 mai nā mea kūlohelohe e like me nā manures, hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu (Gao et al. 2012). Hoʻohui ʻia, pili pinepine ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻohana ʻia no ka uhi ʻana o ka hale a me ka lepo i nā ʻāpana mahiʻai me nā esters o nā waikawa phthalic i hoʻohui ʻia i ka wā hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni plastik. Loaʻa paha nā pilikia olakino no ka wā lōʻihi i nā mea kanu i ʻike ʻia i ka pollutant (Ma et al. 2015; Wan et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). ʻO nā pae o nā phthalates ma nā ʻāina Kina aia ma ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka pae honua (Lu et al. 2018), a ʻo nā mea kanu i loko o nā hale i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia e loaʻa i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā phthalates (Chen et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o ka mea hana i nā phthalates hiki ke lawe i nā pilikia olakino (Lu et al. 2018). Pono ka noiʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala kūpono e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka phthalate i loko o nā huahana. ʻAʻole a liʻiliʻi paha ka pilikia o ka nui o nā phthalates i ke olakino kanaka akā pono e hōʻoia ʻia. Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia nā pae paepae o nā metala kaumaha i nā huahana hopena. Pono e hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hana bioremediation no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lepo o ka haumia metala kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metala kaumaha.
Hoʻonohonoho i nā kulekele no ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau i nā ʻōnaehana ʻāina Gobi
Ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina. I Iune 2017, ma kahi o 3000 ha o ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi aia ma lalo o ka mahiʻai ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gansu wale nō. Loaʻa i kēia wahi nā pono ʻāina no ka mea kanu ka hana ʻana, me nā hola lōʻihi o ka lā, nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka mahana ma waena o ke ao a me ka pō, a me ka lani māmā me ka liʻiliʻi/ʻaʻohe haumia ea. Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai a "ʻO ka hana mana ʻāina ʻo Gobi" no Kina's hoʻomohala socioeconomic. Manaʻo mākou i nā mea nui e hoʻonohonoho i nā kulekele e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomohala olakino o ka ʻōnaehana me ka paʻa lōʻihi.
Kaulike ma waena o ka ʻimi a me ka pale
Manaʻo mākou e kūkulu ʻia nā kulekele e kālele ana "ka pale ʻana i ke kaiaola i ka wā e ʻimi ana i ka ʻāina hou," ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi i nā hopena kūlohelohe maikaʻi ʻole. Pono e kikoʻī ke kulekele pehea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka huahana ʻōnaehana me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ékological. Nā hōʻaiʻē kaiapuni, "ʻinikua ʻōmaʻomaʻo," a "kūʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo" pono e noʻonoʻo a hoʻokomo i ka loiloi o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana. Pono pū nā kulekele no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu kemika, nā metala kaumaha a me nā mea ʻino, nā pesticides koena kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni plastik, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pono e hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau kulekele kūikawā no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi kūloko. No ka laʻana, pono e kūkulu ʻia nā hale mālama wai ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā hale mahiʻai ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Hexi Corridor kahi i loaʻa ai i kēia manawa ka lawe ʻana i ke kahawai wai e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻāpana mahi i nā pilikia nui o ka nalowale o ka wai i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana a me ka irrigation.
E hoʻomohala i nā hana ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai a me ka mālama wai
No ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i ka ʻāina nui ʻo Gobi ma ke komohana ʻākau o Kina, pono e kau ʻia kahi kulekele hoʻohana wai paʻa a pragmatic. ʻO nā mea nui e pili ana i ka wā kokoke: (i) nā kānāwai mālama waiwai wai no "ana wai,""ka hoomalu ana i ka wai," a "kahawai a me ka mana puna" me nā hoʻoponopono kikoʻī e pili ana i nā kuleana wai, nā ʻāpana, nā uku, a me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi; (ii) ke kūkulu ʻana i nā keʻena ohi wai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ua me ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hale hopu, ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kumu wai o ka ʻili, ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wai ma lalo o ka honua, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻae wai; (iii) ka hooikaika ana i na kuleana o na keena hooponopono ma na pae a pau no ka hoomalu ana i ka hookahua wai, ka hoopau ana i ka wai, a me ka hooikaika ana i ka hoohana kupono ana i na kumuwaiwai wai; (iv) ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai mālama wai, e like me ka neʻe ʻana mai ka wai kahe a i ʻole ka irrigation irrigation ma lalo o ka ʻāina, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mulches e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kahawai wai; a (v) no ka wā lōʻihi, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻohua ʻana no nā mea kanu hoʻomanawanui maloʻo, hoʻoponopono hou i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻoihana no ke kūkulu hale.
E hoʻoikaika i ka ʻenehana agro-technology
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ʻenehana i ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana mahi ʻāina ʻo Gobi; no laila, pono e uhi ʻia kahi kulekele ʻenehana: (i) ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kikowaena hana hou a me nā keʻena hoʻāʻo, hoʻokumu "hoʻopaʻa kālā" kiko'ī no nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka noiʻi / hōʻikeʻike a me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana; (ii) ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonui ʻenehana—kahi e paipai ai nā kulekele aupuni i nā keʻena noiʻi ma nā pae āpau e hoʻokō i ka hoʻolaha ʻenehana—a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā keʻena ʻenehana kūloko no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā lawelawe ʻenehana ma nā kuaʻāina; (iii) ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻano hana e huki ai a mālama i nā limahana e hana ma ka ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia ma ke komohana ʻākau; (iv) hoʻonui i ka pae hoʻonaʻauao o ka mahiʻai ma mua o nā makahiki he 9 i koi ʻia, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻike loea i ka heluna kanaka kuaʻāina ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻoihana, a me ka hānai ʻana i ka hanauna hou o nā mahiʻai e hoʻokō i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai hou; a (v) hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā e nā kulanui a me nā keʻena noiʻi no nā limahana ʻenehana mahiʻai e hāpai i nā ʻenehana holomua.
Hoʻoponopono i ke kaulahao meaʻai
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā huaʻai hou a me nā mea kanu i hana ʻia i loko o nā keʻena hui ʻia ma mua o nā mea e pono ai e nā kaiāulu kūloko a me nā kaiāulu kūloko a me nā kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana hou i nā mākeke ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ke kaulike o ka hana a me ke kūʻai aku. Pono nā kulekele e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mīkini kūʻai aku a me ka logistic. Pono e hānai ʻia nā mea kanu no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono o nā mākeke ākea e uhi ana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole a me nā ʻono i kūpono i nā ʻano lāhui a me nā hui hoʻomana. Pono ke kulekele e kākoʻo i nā mākeke kūʻai nui, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai, nā loina kaulahao anuanu, a me nā ʻōnaehana nānā ʻike. Pono paha kahi kulekele no nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa, me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ala kaʻa nui e alakaʻi ana i ke kikowaena a me ka hikina Kina, a me ke komo ʻana i nā kahawai uka ma Rusia, Outer Mongolia, Western Asia, a me ʻEulopa.
Hoʻoulu i nā mahiʻai ʻoihana
ʻO ka poʻe mahiʻai nā mea pāʻani nui i ka hoʻomohala socioeconomic kua'āina, akā ua neʻe ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻōpio i nā kūlanakauhale no ka loaʻa kālā ʻē aʻe, me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai no nā makahiki me ka liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole ʻole i kekahi mau wahi (Seeberg a me Luo. 2018; ʻAe 2018). Pono kahi kulekele e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā mai ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai e paipai i ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻōpio e noho ma nā mahiʻai, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa socioeconomic o nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina. ʻO kahi kumu nui o ke kulekele e hoʻoulu i kahi ʻano hou o ka poʻe mahiʻai me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻike a me nā mākau hoʻokele, e kōkua ana i ka neʻe ʻana mai nā mahiʻai ʻohana kuʻuna, ponoʻī, liʻiliʻi i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai nui - kahi ala e hoʻomohala ai i ka mahiʻai hou ma Kina. Pono paha e hoʻololi hou ʻia ke kulekele ʻāina i kēia manawa, e ʻae ana i ka poʻe mahiʻai akamai e hoʻonui i kā lākou mahiʻai a hoʻonui i ka mālama mahiʻai, inā kūpono.
E hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana lawelawe kaiāulu maikaʻi
ʻO nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina ma ke komohana ʻākau ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Kina waena a me ka hikina. Pono nā kulekele e hoʻokumu i nā ʻōnaehana lawelawe kaiāulu maikaʻi e kālele ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao, ke olakino a me ka hana, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūlana holoʻokoʻa o ka nohona. ʻO ka mahiʻai ka ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ma nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina. Pono nā kulekele e paipai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hui mahiʻai nui no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ʻāina a me nā kumu wai me ka loaʻa kālā nui no nā ʻohana mahiʻai. No ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ʻāina ʻo Gobi, pono kahi kulekele e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā huahana ma nā kaiāulu kūloko a kokoke. Pono ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana/ka māhele ʻana o nā hale mahiʻai ma nā ʻāpana kaiaola like ʻole e hoʻokō i nā pono mea kūʻai like ʻole no nā huaʻai hou a me nā huaʻai hou ma ka pae kūloko / kūloko a e ʻimi i nā manawa kūpono ma ka pae honua. Pono pū kekahi kulekele e hōʻoia i ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mai nā ʻōnaehana hale e kikoʻī i ka mālama ʻana, ka lawe ʻana, a me ke kahe ʻana o nā huahana hou i waho o ka wā e hōʻemi ai i ka pilikia o ka nalowale ʻana a me ka maikaʻi.
hopena a
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai ʻāina ke kikowaena o ka mahiʻai a pili pū i nā pilikia honua no ka palekana meaʻai a me ke ola o nā miliona o nā poʻe kuaʻāina. Kuhi ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ka honua e hiki i ka 9.1 biliona e 2050 a ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai ma nā ʻāina ulu e pono e pālua mai ka pae 2015. Aia nā kumu waiwai ʻāina ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻāina e ulu ana ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ke kūlanakauhale e hoʻokūkū nei no ka ʻāina i loaʻa me ka mahiʻai. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kina i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai hou ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi, ʻo ia hoʻi "Mahiai Gobi," ʻo ia ka pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana mahiʻai he nui (a hiki i nā haneli) i hana ʻia mai nā mea i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina a hoʻohana ʻia e ka ikehu lā. ʻO nā hale mahiʻai i kālai ʻia me ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻopuka ana i nā huaʻai hou a me nā lau ʻai kiʻekiʻe a puni ka makahiki. Manaʻo mākou e uhi kēia mau ʻōnaehana ma kahi o 2.2 miliona mau ʻeka i ka makahiki 2020, e lilo ana i pōhaku kihi o ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai ma Kina.'s moʻolelo mahiʻai. I loko o kēia loiloi, ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka hoʻokomo, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ʻo WUE, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pono kaiaola a me ke kaiapuni. Hāʻawi kēia ʻōnaehana mahiʻai i nā manawa kūpono no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūloko e hoʻonui ai i ka poʻe kuaʻāina a hōʻoia i ka ola lōʻihi o nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina. Ke kū nei kēia ʻōnaehana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia.
Ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau pilikia koʻikoʻi a me kā lākou mau wahi noiʻi koʻikoʻi no ka wā kokoke (3-5 makahiki) e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomau o kēia ʻōnaehana mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa. Manaʻo ikaika mākou e hoʻomohala ʻia nā kulekele aupuni kūpono a me nā ʻōnaehana lawelawe kaiāulu ma nā kuaʻāina e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa kālā a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻo Gobi-land.
mau hoomaikai ana Makemake nā mea kākau e mahalo i ka poʻe a pau i hāʻawi i ko lākou manawa a me ko lākou ikaika i ke komo ʻana i kēia noiʻi, a me nā limahana ma ka Vegetable Technical Service Center o Suzhou District, Jiuquan, a me ka Wuwei Agricultural Extension Services, Wuwei, Gansu, no ka hāʻawi ʻana i kekahi mau ʻikepili. a me nā kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻatikala.
hoʻolako 'ia o Ua hui pū ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka "Moku'āina Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (haʻawi helu 201203001),""Nā ʻōnaehana noiʻi mahiʻai ʻo Kina (helu hāʻawi CARS-23-C-07),""ʻO ke kālā ʻepekema a me ʻenehana ʻo Gansu Province (helu hāʻawi 17ZD2NA015)," a "ʻO ke kālā kūikawā no ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia e Gansu Province (helu hāʻawi 2018ZX-02)."
Kūpono i nā kūlana kūlike
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Wahi komo Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma lalo o nā ʻōlelo o ka Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), ka mea e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, a me ka hana hou ʻana ma kekahi ʻano, ke hāʻawi ʻoe i ka hōʻaiʻē kūpono. i ka mea kākau kumu (mau) a me ke kumu, e hāʻawi i kahi loulou i ka laikini Creative Commons, a hōʻike inā ua hoʻololi ʻia.
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