He mea maʻalahi ke nānā aku i ka mea e hana ʻia ma lalo o ka lepo i loko o kahi māla kulina, akā hiki i ka hoʻolālā aʻa kulina ke hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai a me ka meaʻai, e pili ana i ka hoʻomanawanui maloʻo, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, a me ka hoʻomau. Inā hiki i nā mea hoʻoulu ke hoʻoikaika i nā aʻa kulina e ulu i lalo ma kahi kihi ʻoi aʻe, hiki i ka mea kanu ke komo i nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi i ka hohonu o ka lepo.
ʻO kahi hana mua i kēlā pahuhopu ke aʻo ʻana i nā genes i pili i ka gravitropism, ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa i ka pane ʻana i ka gravity. Ma kahi noiʻi hou i paʻi ʻia ma ka Nā papahana o ka National Academy of Sciences, Nā ʻepekema ʻepekema o ke Kulanui o Wisconsin, me ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Illinois. e ʻike i ʻehā mau ʻano genes i loko o ke kulina a me ka mea kanu kumu hoʻohālike ʻo Arabidopsis.
Ke huli ʻia ka ʻanoʻano e ulu ana ma kona ʻaoʻao, huli koke kekahi mau aʻa i ka umekaumaha, a ʻo kekahi mau aʻa e hoʻololi mālie i ka hakina. Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻano ʻike mīkini e nānā i nā ʻokoʻa maʻalahi o ka gravitropism aʻa i nā tausani o nā mea kanu a hoʻohui i kēlā ʻikepili me ka ʻike genetic no kēlā me kēia seedling. Hoʻopili ka hopena i nā kūlana o nā genes gravitropism i loko o ka genome.
Ua loaʻa i ka palapala ʻāina nā mea noiʻi i ke kaiāulu kūpono i ka genome - nā ʻāpana o nā haneli haneli - akā lōʻihi lākou mai ka ʻike ʻana i nā genes kikoʻī no ka gravitropism. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea hana e hiki ke kōkua.
“No ka mea, ua hana mua mākou i ka hoʻokolohua like me ka mea kanu Arabidopsis pili loa, ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i nā genes i loko o nā wahi kūpono o ka genome ma nā ʻano ʻelua. Ua hōʻoia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻike o nā genes ʻehā e hoʻololi i ka gravitropism aʻa. Hiki i ka ʻike hou ke kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ʻumekaumaha i ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, "wahi a Edgar Spalding, ke kaukaʻi ma ke Keʻena ʻo Botany ma ke Kulanui o Wisconsin a me ka mea kākau kumu o ka noiʻi.
Ua hoʻohui ʻo Matt Hudson, ke kaukaʻi ma ke Keʻena ʻo Crop Science ma ke Kulanui o Illinois a me ka mea kākau kumu aʻoaʻo, "Ua nānā mākou i kahi ʻano i noiʻi ʻia i ka maile i mea nui no nā kumu he nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka pōʻaiapili o ke aniau. . A ua hana mākou ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa evolutionary ma waena o nā mea kanu e hana i ko mākou makemake. "
ʻO Corn a me Arabidopsis, kahi pilikua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i wehewehe ʻia e nā mea kanu olaola, ua ulu aʻe ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki ma kahi o ka mōʻaukala evolutionary. Ua wehewehe ʻo Hudson, ʻoiai ua hoʻokaʻawale nā mea ʻelua i nā hana kanu kumu, ua hui pū ʻia nā genes e hoʻomalu iā lākou i loko o ka genome i ka manawa. ʻO ia ka mea maikaʻi no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā genes maʻamau.
I loko o nā ʻano ʻano pili pili loa, e laina like nā genes ma kahi like o ke ʻano o ka genome (e laʻa, ABCDEF). ʻOiai hiki ke loaʻa nā genes like i nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻaʻole i kūlike ke ʻano o nā genes ma ka ʻāina i loaʻa i nā palapala ʻāina (e laʻa, UGRBZ). Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe noiʻi i kahi e nānā ai i kēlā me kēia genome, ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā ʻano genes maʻamau (ma kēia hihia B).
"Ua manaʻo wau he mea hauʻoli loa ka hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā genes ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike ʻē aʻe ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā wā genomic i nā ʻano mea kanu pili ʻole," wahi a Hudson. "Ua hilinaʻi nui mākou he mau genes kūpono lākou i ka wā i puka pono ai lākou mai kēia loiloi, akā ua hoʻopau ka hui o Spalding i ʻehiku a ʻewalu paha mau makahiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi paʻa e hōʻoia i kā lākou hana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke pāʻani nei lākou i ka gravitropism. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kēlā, manaʻo wau ua hōʻoia mākou i ke ala holoʻokoʻa i hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kēia ala no nā phenotypes like ʻole.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Spalding i ka holomua ʻana o ke ʻano no ka mea ua hana ʻia nā ana pololei ma kahi ʻano maʻamau.
"ʻO ka manawa pinepine, e ana ka poʻe noiʻi maile i kā lākou mau ʻano hoihoi i kahi māla, ʻoiai nā mea noiʻi Arabidopsis e hānai i kā lākou mea kanu i nā keʻena ulu," wahi āna. "Ua ana mākou i ke kumu o ka gravitropism phenotype ma ke ʻano i hoʻomalu ʻia. Ua ulu ʻia kēia mau ʻanoʻano ma luna o ka petri plate, a he mau hola wale nō ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, e kūʻē i nā ʻano āu e ana i ka honua maoli i wehe ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻOiai hiki ke ana ʻia nā ʻano i loko o kahi kaiapuni maʻamau, ʻaʻole nā hiʻohiʻona a pau e lilo i mau moho maikaʻi no kēia ʻano. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe noiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona i nīnau ʻia he mea nui ia i ka hana kumu o nā mea kanu, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i nā ʻano genes kahiko i nā ʻano pili ʻole.
"Maikaʻi paha ka Gravitropism i ke aʻo ʻana ma o kēia ala no ka mea ʻo ia ke kī i ka ʻike mua o nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā aʻa ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o ka ʻāina," wahi a Spalding.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Hudson i ka gravitropism i mea nui i ka noho ʻana o kahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
"Makemake ʻo NASA i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā papa honua ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ka lewa a pono lākou e ʻike i kāu mea e hānai ai no ka hana ʻana," wahi āna. "Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia nā mea kanu me ka ʻole o ka gravity."
Ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻatikala, "Leveraging orthology within maize a me Arabidopsis QTL no ka ʻike ʻana i nā genes e pili ana i ka hoʻololi kūlohelohe i ka gravitropism," Nā papahana o ka National Academy of Sciences [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212199119]. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka noiʻi e ka National Science Foundation.
Aia ke Keʻena ʻEpekema Crop ma ke Koleke o ka Mahiai, Mea Hoʻohana a me ka ʻEpekema Kaiapuni ma ke Kulanui o Illinois Urbana-Champaign.