Iceberg lettuce, oakleaf lettuce, romaine, a me nā lettues ʻē aʻe a pau a mākou e ʻai ai i kēia mau lā, mai nā mea kanu hihiu i hoʻololi ʻia i 6000 mau makahiki i hala ma ka Caucasus i hiki ke ʻohi ʻia ka ʻaila mea kanu mai nā hua. Ma hope o ka hānai hou ʻana o nā Helene a me nā Roma i nā mea kanu e hoʻohana iā lākou e like me nā lau lau, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka letus ma kā mākou mau papa i ka manawa. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka mōʻaukala kūikawā o ka letus ma muli o ka loiloi DNA o 445 mau ʻano lettuce, i alakaʻi ʻia e Wageningen University & Research a me ka BGI Kina. E paʻi ʻia kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i kēia lā i loko o ka mana mana ʻo Nature Genetics a wehe i ka puka i ka hoʻohua wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu meaʻai.
E hoʻāʻo e noʻonoʻo i kahi hōʻiliʻili o 2500 ʻano ʻano letus: ma kahi o 1500 mau ʻano i ulu ʻia e ka poʻe mahiʻai ma kahi o ka honua a ma kahi o 1000 mau heluna o nā mea kanu letus hihiu mai nā alanui a me nā mālama kūlohelohe. A laila e ho'āʻo e noʻonoʻo i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻana o ka DNA mai kēia mau ʻano letus a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka letus ma kā mākou pā. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mea kanu hihiu mua no ka mahi ʻana i 6000 mau makahiki i hala ma ka Caucasus. Ua kūpono wale kēia mau letus mua no ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano no ka ʻili ʻana i ka ʻaila, a ua hānai hou nā Helene a me nā Roma kahiko i kēia mau mea kanu (i ia manawa, aia nā kākalaioa ma nā lau) e hoʻohana ʻia i mau lau lau. A ke hoʻomau nei ka moʻolelo i haʻi ʻia e ka DNA, a hiki i ka poʻe ʻAmelika e makemake ana i nā waiwai mai nā ʻano ʻano hihiu e hoʻololi i ka letus pata palupalu maʻemaʻe i loko o ka lettuce puckered iceberg.
Nā ʻano letus like ʻole a puni ka honua
Ka neʻe lohi ma ʻEulopa
Na ka Center for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), ʻo ia ka waihona ʻano Dutch a me kahi hapa o Wageningen University & Research (WUR), mālama i kēia hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻano lettuce 2500. ʻO kēia ka hōʻiliʻili letus nui loa, piha, a maikaʻi loa i kākau ʻia ma ka honua.
Ma ka launa pū ʻana me ka BGI Kina, ke hoʻoholo ʻia nei ke kauoha DNA no nā ʻano 2500 a pau, me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano genetic a me nā ʻokoʻa a me nā mea like ma waena o kēia mau ʻano. ʻO nā hopena mai nā ʻano lettuce mua he 445 i alakaʻi i kahi paʻi ma Nature Genetics e pili ana i ke kumu a me ka mōʻaukala hānau ʻana o ka mea kanu.
Me he mea lā ua nui ka ʻike i loaʻa. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻo nā ʻano lettuces hou i hoʻoulu ʻia e like me kā lākou mea hihiu mua ʻo Lactuca serriola mai ka Caucasus a ʻo nā letus i mahi mua ʻia i ulu ʻia no ka hua a hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻaila. Hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka neʻe lohi ʻana o ka letus ma ʻEulopa ma o ke aupuni Roma, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hua kanu i ka lau lau.
Iceberg lettuce versus "kahiko" butterhead lettuce
Ua hiki no i ka ha'awina ke ho'oholo i ka wahi i ho'oka'awale 'ia ai ka lettuce iceberg hou mai ka letus butterhead "kahiko" i loko o ka genetic material o ka Wild Lactuca virosa, he 'oia'i'o i mana'o lō'ihi 'ia ma muli o ka mo'okū'auhau o kēia mau 'ano lettuce.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻike DNA a me nā ʻano o nā lettuces i kanu ʻia e hōʻike ana i koho paʻa ʻia no nā ʻano i makemake ʻia no ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana, nā "ʻano home" e like me ka nele o nā spines a me nā kākalaioa, kahi i hoʻemi ʻia ai ka ʻokoʻa i ka nā māhele o ka DNA kahi i loaʻa ai nā genes no kēia mau ʻano. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi e hiki ke hoʻoholo i kahi o kekahi mau genes i loko o ka DNA ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻololi ʻana o DNA a me nā ʻano ma o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
ʻO ke kī i ka waiwai o nā mea genetic no ka hānau ʻana
Wahi a Rob van Treuren lāua ʻo Theo van Hintum, nā mea kākau ʻelua o Wageningen o ka paʻi ʻana, hōʻike nani ka noiʻi i ka nui o ka ʻike e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka ʻike DNA ma kahi hōʻiliʻili genebank. Hōʻike pū ia i ke koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā kumu genetic no ka lako meaʻai hoʻomau i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a me ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka honua.
"ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kauoha DNA o nā mea, i kā mākou hōʻiliʻili a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka ʻepekema ke ʻimi i nā hiʻohiʻona huna a hiki i kēia manawa, i nā tausani o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā heluna hihiu o ka letus a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. I ka hana ʻana pēlā, ua loaʻa iā mākou ke kī o kahi pahu waiwai nui. No ka laʻana, e noʻonoʻo e hōʻike ana ka noiʻi ʻana he mea nui kekahi mau genes no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka maloʻo a i ʻole kekahi maʻi. A laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i loko o ka ʻikepili DNA no nā kumuwaiwai genetic i like loa ke ʻano o nā genes, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā mau kumuwaiwai, hiki iā ʻoe ke hānai i nā mea kanu ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea i hiki ma mua. ʻAʻole ia he mea liʻiliʻi o ke kipi.
No ka 'ike hou aku:
Ke Kulanui o Wageningen & Research
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