Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*), Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1), Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) and David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūʻai ʻo National Vegetable Protected Cropping Center, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney
Ke Kulanui, ʻeke laka 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Global Center for Land Based Innovation, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. Kula ʻepekema, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Palapala leka: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Tel.: +61-2-4570-1913
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo: Hāʻawi ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi ala e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai i mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau
a hāʻawi i ka meaʻai olakino me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumuwaiwai. Eia naʻe, e hana i kēia ʻano mahiʻai
ʻoihana waiwai, pono mākou e noʻonoʻo i ke kūlana o ka cropping pale i ka pōʻaiapili o ka loaʻa
ʻenehana a me nā mea kanu horticulture e pili ana. Hōʻike kēia loiloi i nā manawa kūpono
a me nā pilikia e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka noiʻi hoʻomau a me ka hana hou i kēia hoihoi akā
kahua paʻakikī ma Australia. Hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia nā hale mahiʻai i loko o nā ʻekolu
nā pae o ka holomua ʻenehana: haʻahaʻa, waena a me ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe me nā pilikia pili
e koi ana i na hooponopono hou. Eia kekahi, nā palena o ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu i loko a mālama ʻia
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai (e laʻa, nā kumu kūʻai o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe) ua kaohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahiʻai i loko o ka hale i ka liʻiliʻi
kakaikahi, waiwai nui. No laila, pono mākou e hoʻomohala i nā mea kanu hou i kūpono no ka mahiʻai i loko
ʻokoʻa paha ia mai nā mea i koi ʻia no ka hana ākea ākea. Eia kekahi, mālama ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana
koi kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai hoʻomaka, nā hana akamai nui, ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka ikehu, a me nā pest nui
a me ka hoʻoponopono maʻi a me ka hoʻomalu maikaʻi. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻohi pale ʻia i nā hāʻina hoʻohiki
no ka palekana meaʻai, ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka wāwae kalapona o ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai. Eia naʻe, no loko
ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana e loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi loa i ka palekana meaʻai honua a me ka meaʻai
ʻO ka palekana, ʻo ka hana hoʻokele waiwai o nā mea kanu like ʻole e pono.
Keywords: ke kanu ʻana i mālama ʻia; mahiʻai kū pololei; moʻomeheu lepo ʻole; hana hua; mahiʻai i loko;
palekana meaʻai; hoʻomau waiwai
1. Introduction
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ka honua a kokoke i 10 biliona ma 2050, me ka hapa nui o ka ulu ʻana i wānana ʻia e hana ʻia ma nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale nui a puni ka honua [1,2]. Ke piʻi nei ka heluna kanaka, pono e hoʻonui ka meaʻai a hoʻokō i ka meaʻai a me nā pono olakino i ka manawa like e hoʻokō ai i ka United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) [3,4]. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma ka mahiʻai, he mau luʻi hou aʻe e koi ai i nā mea hou i nā ʻōnaehana hana meaʻai e hiki mai ana e hoʻokō i ka makemake nui i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. No ka laʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā mahiʻai o Australia i ka loli ʻana o ke aniau a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā hopena hoʻololi i ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO nā maloʻo hou ma ka hikina o Australia ma 2018–19 a me 2019–20 i hoʻopilikia i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, a laila hoʻohui i nā hopena e kū mai ana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma ka mahiʻai o Australia [5].
ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka mahiʻai i loko [6]—mai nā polytunnels haʻahaʻa a hiki i nā ʻenehana medium, nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i mālama ʻia e ke kaiapuni, i nā hale aniani 'akamai' kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahiʻai i loko-hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka palekana meaʻai honua i ka 21st. kenekulia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona o kahi metropolis paʻa ponoʻī e ʻoluʻolu e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o kēia wā, ʻaʻole i kūlike ka lawe ʻana o ka mahiʻai i loko.
ka hauʻoli a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi o kāna poʻe kākoʻo. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka mahiʻai i loko e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ka automation e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina, a laila e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena hoihoi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana meaʻai e hiki mai ana [7]. Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua ulu pinepine ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai kūlanakauhale [8,9] ma hope o nā pilikia maʻamau a / a i ʻole nā pilikia nui, e like me ka palena o ka māmā a me ka lewa ma Netherlands; ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻoihana kaʻa ma Detroit; ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mākeke hale kūʻai ma ka US East Coast; a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pilikia o ka missile Cuban. 'ē aʻe
ua hiki mai ka impetuses ma ke ʻano o nā mākeke i loaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā mea kanu pale i Sepania [10] ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka ʻāina i nā mākeke ʻEulopa ʻĀkau. Me nā pilikia e kū nei, hiki i ka maʻi maʻi COVID-19 ke hāʻawi i ka manaʻo e hoʻololi i ka mahiʻai kūlanakauhale [11].
Inā he hana koʻikoʻi ka mahiʻai kūlanakauhale i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ka meaʻai kanaka, pono ia e hoʻonui ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i hiki iā ia ke ulu i kahi ākea o nā huahana i kahi ʻoi aku ka ikehu, waiwai a me ke kumu kūʻai. hiki i kēia manawa. Loaʻa nā manawa nui no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka huahana a me ka maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā holomua i ka hoʻokele kaiapuni, ka hoʻokele pest, phenomics a me ka automation.
me nā hoʻoikaika hoʻohua e ʻimi ana i nā ʻano e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻolālā mea kanu, ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu (ʻono a me ka meaʻai) a me ka hua. Hiki ke ulu i ka nui o nā mea kanu i kēia manawa a me nā mea e ulu nei e pili ana i nā ʻano mea kanu maʻamau, a me nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, i loko o nā mahiʻai i mālama ʻia i ke kaiapuni [12,13].
ʻO ka pono e hiki mai ana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana meaʻai o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka wāwae kalapona o ka meaʻai e hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā mea hou i nā ʻāpana agri-meaʻai, e like me ka pale ʻana a me ka mahiʻai kūloko kūloko. ʻO kēia mau mea mai nā poly-tunnels haʻahaʻa me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomalu kaiapuni, medium-tech, nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻomalu ʻia i ka ʻāina a hiki i nā hale aniani ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a me nā keʻena mahiʻai kū pono me nā ʻenehana hou. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia ʻo ia ka wikiwiki e ulu nei i ka ʻoihana meaʻai ma Australia, e pili ana i ka nui o ka hana a me ka hopena waiwai [12]. ʻO ka ʻoihana hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo Australia he mau mea ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe (17%), nā hale aniani (20%) a me nā hydroponic/substrate-based crop-production system (52%), e hōʻike ana i ka pono a me ka manawa kūpono e hoʻomohala i ka ʻāpana agrifood. Ma kēia loiloi, kūkākūkā mākou i ke kūlana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā ʻenehana i loaʻa a me nā mea kanu horticultural target, e hōʻike ana i nā manawa kūpono a me nā pilikia e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka noiʻi hoʻomau ma Australia.
2. Nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana i kēia manawa i ka ʻoki ʻana i pale ʻia
I ka makahiki 2019, ʻo ka huina o ka ʻāina i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia - ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka laulā, pili
e ulu ana i nā mea kanu ma lalo o nā ʻano uhi āpau—ua manaʻo ʻia ma 5,630,000 ʻeka (ha) ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa [14]. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu i ulu i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo (nā hale paʻa) ua manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 500,000 ha ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me ka 10% o kēia mau mea kanu i ulu i loko o nā hale aniani a me 90% i loko o nā greenhouses plastic [15,16]. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻo o Australia ma kahi o 1300 ha, me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe-ʻenehana (ma kahi o 14 mau ʻoihana pākahi, e noho ana kēlā me kēia ma lalo o 5 ha) no ka 17% o kēia wahi, a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa/mediumtech no 83% [17]. ]. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā hale aniani e pili ana i 80% a me 20%, kēlā me kēia, o ka nui o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hana ʻia [16].
ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ka meaʻai ma Australia, ʻo ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o $ 1.5 biliona o ka makahiki ma ka puka mahiʻai i ka makahiki 2017. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 30% o nā mea mahiʻai a pau o Australia e ulu ana i nā mea kanu ma kekahi ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu. ʻO nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o ka uhi aia ma kahi o 20% o ka nui o ka waiwai o ka mea kanu a me ka pua pua [18]. Ma Australia, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina hoʻohua ʻai mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo no South Australia (580 ha), a ukali ʻia e New South Wales (500 ha) a me Victoria (200 ha), ʻoiai ʻo Queensland, Western Australia a me Tasmania he <50 ha kēlā me kēia [17. ].
Ma muli o ka Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook (2014–2015) a me nā kūkākūkā me ka ʻoihana, ua manaʻo ʻia ka waiwai nui o ka hana (GVP) o nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, a me nā pua no ka makahiki 2017. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hana hoʻokumu (52%) i waiwai nui loa, a ukali ʻia e nā mea i ulu ma lalo o nā ʻōnaehana fertigation lepo (35%), me ka hui pū ʻana o ka fertigation lepo a me nā ʻōnaehana hydroponic/substrate (11%), a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hydroponics/nutrient. ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni (NFT) (2%) (Figure 1A). Pēlā nō, ma waena o nā ʻano pale, ʻo nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o nā uhi poli/aniani (63%) i loaʻa ka GVP kiʻekiʻe loa, a ukali ʻia e nā mea i ulu ma lalo o nā uhi poli (23%), nā huahekili/pale (8%) a me ka poly/hail/shade hui ʻia. uhi (6%) (Figure 1B) [17]. I loko o Australia, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻikepili no nā GVP o nā huahana horticulture ʻōmaʻomaʻo kūikawā [15].
Hōʻike 1. Huina waiwai waiwai nui (GVP) o na mea kanu malalo o ka hoomaluia ana (2017) ma o ka hooulu ana (A) a me ka pale (B). ʻO ka hana hydroponics/substrate e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu lepo ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano inert e like me ka rockwool. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lepo/fertigate e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lepo me ka fertigation (hoʻohui ʻia o ka mea momona a me ka wai). ʻO ka hydroponics/nutrient film technique (NFT) e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kahawai pāpaʻu i loaʻa nā meaʻai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hele ma nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ma nā kahawai paʻa wai. 'Poly' pili i ka polycarbonate.
ʻO nā uhi huahekili, ka mea maʻamau o ka mesh a i ʻole ka lole, e pale i nā mea kanu mai ka huahekili a pale i ka hapa o ka mālamalama nui. $ pili i AUD.
Ma waena o nā keʻena kaiapuni i hoʻomalu ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā aniani a i ʻole polycarbonate (poly) greenhouses (47%) ma mua o nā mahiʻai kūloko kūloko (30%), nā hale hoʻopaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (12%), nā pahu pahu (7% ) a me nā ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu i loko o ka wai hohonu (4%). Ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana ulu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hydroponics (49%) ma mua o ka lepo (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponic (6%) a me nā ʻōnaehana hybrid (aeroponics, hydroponics, lepo) (6%) [19,20].
He liʻiliʻi loa ʻo Australia i hoʻokumu i nā mahiʻai kūwaho kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā kūlanakauhale nui loa. Eia nō naʻe, aia ma kahi o 1000 ha ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻo Australia [16,17] a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka lawe ʻana aku i nā mea kanu hou a me nā huaʻai mai 2006 a i 2016 no Australia [16] me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka uhi. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaka maikaʻi ʻo Australia i ka mahiʻai i loko a he nui ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāpana, pono ia i ka manawa e oʻo ai a hoʻomohala hou aʻe e lilo i mea pāʻani nui ma ka pae honua. I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hale mahiʻai i loko o ka hale i ʻekolu pae o ka holomua ʻenehana: haʻahaʻa, waena a me ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. Kūkākūkā ʻia kēlā me kēia me nā kikoʻī nui ma nā ʻāpana aʻe.
2.1. Nā ʻenehana hou no nā Poly-Tunnels Haʻahaʻa
ʻO nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hāʻawi nui ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia he mau palena e koi ai i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana e kōkua i kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana i loko o nā keʻena ʻenehana kūpono a i ʻole nā mea ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e hana ana i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe me nā kumu waiwai liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa nā poly-tunnels haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no 80-90% o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa [20] a ma Australia [17]. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā polytunnels haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana a me ko lākou mau pae haʻahaʻa o ke aniau, fertigation a me nā pest control, he mea nui e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e pili ana i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hana a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i nā mea kanu.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka pae ʻenehana haʻahaʻa i nā ʻano poly-tunnels e hiki ke hele mai nā hale metala makeshift me nā uhi palaki a hiki i nā hale kūkulu paʻa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻomalu ʻia ma mua o ka hiki ke hāpai i ka uhi ʻili i ka wā e wela a ʻeleʻele paha i waho. Mālama kēia mau uhi plastik i ka hua mai ka huahekili, ka ua a me ke anuanu a hoʻolōʻihi i ka wā ulu i kekahi ʻano. Hāʻawi kēia mau hale liʻiliʻi i kahi
ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi kūpono no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā mea kanu mea kanu e like me ka letus, ka pī, nā tōmato, ka kukama, ke kāpeti a me ka zucchini. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mahiʻai ʻana i loko o kēia mau poly-tunnels i ka lepo, ʻoiai hiki i nā hana ʻoi aku ke hoʻohana i nā ipu nui a me ka drip-irrigation no nā tōmato, blueberries, eggplants a i ʻole pepa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i mālama ʻia i kūpono no nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, ua pilikia ia mau ʻano i nā hemahema. ʻO kā lākou nele i ke kaiapuni e pili ana i ka kūlike o ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a no laila e hōʻemi
ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mākeke o kēia mau huahana no ka koi ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku e like me nā supermarkets a me nā hale ʻai. Ma muli o ka kanu ʻia ʻana o ka mea kanu i ka lepo, ke alo nei kēia poʻe mahiʻai i nā maʻi pest a me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo (e laʻa, ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka nematode infestation). Pono nā ʻoihana a me nā hoa noiʻi i nā mea hou i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hopena ma waena o ka hoʻolālā hale a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele a me nā ʻōnaehana kālepa akamai e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā huahana.
a mālama i kahi kaulahao hoʻolako mau. Hiki i nā mea hoʻoikaika a me nā kākoʻo mai nā hui kālā a me nā ʻenehana hou (e laʻa, ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka biological, ʻāpana automation i ka irrigation a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana) mai nā kulanui a me nā hui e hiki ke kōkua i ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻololi i nā ʻōnaehana ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka holomua.
2.2. Hoʻonui i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo Medium-Tech me nā mea hou a me nā ʻenehana hou
ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻenehana palekana kahi ʻāpana ākea e hoʻopuni ana i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā hale aniani. ʻO kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana pale-cropping e koi i nā hoʻonui ʻenehana koʻikoʻi inā ʻo ia e hoʻokūkū me ka hana meaʻai nui i loko o nā mahiʻai e kau ana i nā poly-tunnels haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā huahana kiʻekiʻe mai nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomalu kaiapuni i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo medium-tech maʻamau he hapa a koʻikoʻi paha a hiki ke mālama ʻia ka mahana o kekahi mau hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka wehe lima ʻana i ka hale, ʻoiai
ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hale hana hoʻomaha a me nā ʻāpana hoʻomehana. Ke noiʻi ʻia nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā panela solar a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni akamai e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai ikehu a me nā kapuaʻi kalapona i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo medium-tech [21-23].
ʻOiai he nui nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hana ʻia me ka PVC a i ʻole ka pale aniani, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni akamai i kēia mau hale a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka hoʻolālā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻonui i ka ikehu. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohana nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe e ulu ana e like me nā poloka Rockwool me nā loaʻa ʻana o nā mea momona wai i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia i nā pae ulu like ʻole e hoʻonui i nā hua hua. Hoʻohana ʻia ka fertilization CO2 i kekahi manawa i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo medium-tech e hoʻonui i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi. E pōmaikaʻi ka ʻāpana mea kanu i mālama ʻia e ka medium-tech mai nā hui ʻoihana-university e hoʻomohala i nā hopena ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, e komo pū ana me nā genotypes huaʻai hou me ka kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi, ka hoʻokele pest integrated, fertigation piha piha a me ka mālama ʻana i ke aniau greenhouse, a me ke kōkua robotic i ka hoʻokele hua. a ohi.
2.3. Nā mea hou o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana no nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe
Hiki i nā hale aniani kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻokomo i nā holomua ʻenehana hou loa i ka physiology crop, fertigation, recycling, a me nā kukui. I loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo pāʻoihana nui, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana 'aniani akamai, solar photovoltaic (PV) a me nā kukui hou, e like me nā panela LED, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā hua a me nā hua. Ke hoʻomau nei nā mea hana i nā wahi koʻikoʻi a / a i ʻole nā hana nui e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu, pollination, a me ka ʻohi ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka naʻauao artificial (AI) a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka mīkini (MI) ua wehe i nā ana hou no nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe [24-28]. ʻO AI kahi pūʻulu o nā lula i hoʻopili ʻia e ka lolouila a me nā hiʻohiʻona helu i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ʻike i nā mamana i ka ʻikepili nui a hana i nā hana e pili pū ana me ka naʻauao kanaka. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo AI i ka ʻike kiʻi no ka nānā ʻana i ke olakino huaʻai a ʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi, e hiki ai i ka hoʻoholo wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoholo ʻana no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka ʻohi ʻana - i kēia mau lā, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia.
e nā lima robot ma mua o ka hana kanaka. Hāʻawi ʻo Internet-of-Things (IoT) i nā hoʻonā no ka automation i hiki ke hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia no nā noi ʻōmaʻomaʻo [29]. No laila, hiki i AI a me IoT ke hāʻawi nui i ka ʻāpana o ka mahiʻai hou ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā hana mahiʻai [30].
Ua ulu nui ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kahua o nā robots mahiʻai i nā makahiki i hala iho nei [31-33]. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hōʻiliʻili huaʻai kūʻokoʻa no ka capsicum e pili ana i ka hiki ke kūʻai ʻia me ka helu kūleʻa o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o 76.5% [31] ma Australia. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā prototypes o nā robots no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea kanu tōmato, ka ʻohi ʻana i ka capsicum (pepa bele) a me ka pollinating i nā mea kanu tōmato [34,35] i kūkulu ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me Israel, a hiki ke kūʻai ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻōnaehana polokalamu hoʻokele hana no nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pono o nā limahana, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā manaʻo hoʻokele waiwai o kēia mau ʻoihana. E hoʻomau ka IT a me ka ʻenekinia revolution e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka mahiʻai i loko, e ʻae ana i nā mea kanu e nānā a mālama i kā lākou mea kanu mai nā kamepiula a me nā polokalamu kelepona, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka mahiʻai koʻikoʻi a
nā hoʻoholo makeke. Loaʻa i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe ka mana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopōmaikaʻi i ka ʻāpana o nā mea kanu i pale ʻia ma Australia, no laila ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hana hou ʻana i loko o kēia mau mea pono e unuhi i ka manawa a me ke kālā i hoʻopukapuka maikaʻi ʻia.
2.4. Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mahiʻai kū pololei no nā pono e hiki mai ana
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka 'mahiʻai kūwaho' i loko o ka honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻāina me ka nui o ka heluna kanaka a me ka lawa ʻole o ka ʻāina [36,37]. ʻO ka mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa e hōʻike ana i ka USD 6 biliona i ka waiwai akā ke waiho nei i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka mākeke mahiʻai honua multi-trillion-dollar [38]. Aia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa akā hoʻohana lākou a pau i ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lepo-emi a i ʻole hydroponic e ulu ana i nā papa i loko o kahi hoʻopuni piha a hoʻomalu ʻia, kahi e hiki ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka automation, kaohi a me ke kūlike [39]. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ka mahiʻai kūhelu i nā mea kanu waiwai nui a pōkole ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā huahana like ʻole i kēlā me kēia mika square a me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka wai a me ka pono meaʻai.
ʻO ka nui o ka ʻenehana o ka mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa - a ʻo ka hiki ʻana mai o nā hale aniani 'akamai' - ʻo ia ka mea e huki ai i nā mea ulu e makemake nui e hana me nā ʻenehana kamepiula a me nā ʻike nui e like me AI a me ka Internet of Things (IoT) [40]. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻano mahiʻai āpau i loko o ka ʻenehana he ikaika a me ka hana, ʻoiai aia kahi ākea no ka holomua nui ma nā ʻenehana automation a me ka ikehu. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi nā ʻano ʻoi loa o ka mahiʻai kūloko i ko lākou ikehu ponoʻī ma ka pūnaewele a kūʻokoʻa ʻia mai ka pahu hana maʻamau. Hiki i nā kīhāpai hale mai nā hoʻolālā maʻalahi ma luna o nā hale o ke kūlanakauhale a hiki i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ma luna o nā hale kaona ma New York a me Paris. Loaʻa i ka mahiʻai kūwaho i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka maʻi maʻi COVID-19 a ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻonui i kāna māhele o ka mākeke meaʻai honua, ma muli o kāna.
ʻōnaehana hana maikaʻi loa, hoʻemi i nā kaulahao hoʻolako a me nā kumukūʻai logistic, hiki no ka automation (hoʻemi i ka lawelawe ʻana) a me ka maʻalahi i ka hana a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
3. ʻO nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻoki ʻana i pale ʻia
I kēia manawa, ua kaupalena ʻia nā mea kanu kūpono no ka mahiʻai i loko o ka hale ma muli o ka palena o nā mea kanu no ka ulu ʻana i loko a me nā palena o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia e like me ke kumu kūʻai o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe (no ka hoʻomālamalama, hoʻomehana, hoʻoluʻu a me ka holo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana automated like ʻole) e hiki ai i nā mea kanu waiwai kiʻekiʻe. 41–43]. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui ka hana hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole inā loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ka ʻohi pale ʻia.
palekana meaʻai honua [12,13,44]. ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻano mea kanu no ka kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia mai nā mea o ka māla ākea i hānai ʻia no ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i kahi ākea o nā kūlana kaiapuni, ʻaʻole pono e koi ʻia i ka ʻohi pale ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu kūpono e pono ai ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano (e like me ka pollination ponoʻī, ka ulu ʻole ʻana, nā aʻa paʻa) i ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻano i ʻike ʻia.
makemake ʻia i nā mea kanu waho (Figure 2) (Apono ʻia mai [13]).
Hōʻike 2. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i makemake ʻia no ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā mea kanu i ulu i loko o ka hale ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomalu-kaiapuni pili i nā mea kanu i ulu ma waho ma lalo o nā kūlana kula.
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā huaʻai a me nā huaʻai i kūpono no ka mahiʻai i loko:
• ʻO nā mea e ulu ana ma luna o nā kumu waina a i ʻole nā lāʻau (kāmato, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, cucumba, capsicum, grape, kiwifruit);
• Nā mea kanu kūikawā waiwai nui (hops, vanilla, saffron, kope);
• Nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani (seaweed, Echinacea);
• ʻO nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi (cherries, chocolate, mango, almonds) kekahi mau koho kūpono [13].
Ma nā ʻāpana aʻe, kūkākūkā mākou i nā mea kanu i kēia manawa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu hou no ka mahiʻai i loko o nā kikoʻī.
3.1. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā mea kanu i kēia manawa ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, waena a me nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu-ʻenehana haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻenehana i hoʻopuka nui ʻia i ka ʻōmato, kukama, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, letus, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻĀsia a me nā mea kanu. Ma keʻano o ka'āpana, ka nui o nā hua i hanaʻia a me ka helu o nāʻoihana,ʻo ka'ōmato ka mea nui loa o nā mea kanu horticultural i hanaʻia i loko o nā greenhouses, a ma hope o ka capsicum a me ka letus [15,45].
Ma Australia, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā keʻena kaiapuni nui i nā mea i kūkulu ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i nā tōmato [15]. ʻO ka GVP i manaʻo ʻia o nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu a me nā pua no ka makahiki 2017, ma ke kula a me nā wahi hoʻoulu ʻia i pale ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka noho aliʻi ʻana o ka tōmato ma ka ʻāpana hoʻomalu mālama ʻia o Australia.
ʻO ka GVP holoʻokoʻa i manaʻo ʻia no 2017 e pili ana i ka māla a me ka uhi ʻana o nā mea kanu horticultural ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa no ka tōmato (24%), ukali ʻia e ka strawberry (17%), nā hua kauwela (13%), nā pua (9%), blueberry. (7%), kukumba (7%) a me ka capsicum (6%), me nā mea kanu ʻĀsia, nā mea kanu, eggplant, cherry a me nā hua i kēlā me kēia helu ma lalo o 6% (Figure 3A).
Hōʻike 3. Kuhi ʻia ka waiwai nui o ka hana (GVP) no ka māla hui ʻia a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu pale ʻia (A) a me ka GVP o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia ma lalo o ke kanu ʻana i pale ʻia ma 2017 (B) no Australia.
Ma waena o kēia mau mea, ʻo ka GVP o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma nā ʻōnaehana pale-ʻoki ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe loa no ka tōmato (40%), i alakaʻi ʻia e kahi palena nui e pili ana i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe me nā pua (11%), strawberry (10%), nā hua kauwela (8% ) a me nā hua (8%), me nā mea kanu i koe ma lalo o 5% (Figure 3B). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka mākeke kūloko o Australia e nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e waiho ana i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai pale
me nā koho ʻelua: e hoʻonui i ke kūʻai ʻana i kēia mau mea kanu ma nā mākeke honua; a/a i ʻole e paipai i kekahi o nā mea kanu hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻāina i kēia manawa e hoʻololi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu waiwai nui. ʻO ka hapa o nā mea kanu hoʻokahi i mahi ʻia ma lalo o ka pale ʻana he kiʻekiʻe loa no nā hua (85%) a me ka ʻōmato (80%), ukali ʻia e nā pua (60%), kukama (50%), cherry a me nā mea kanu ʻAsia (kēlā me kēia 40%), strawberry a me ke kauwela.
nā huaʻai (ʻo kēlā me kēia 30%), blueberry a me nā mea kanu (ʻo kēlā me kēia 25%), a me ka hope, capsicum a me ka eggplant, ma 20% kēlā me kēia [17]. I kēia manawa, hoʻopili ʻia ka mahiʻai i loko o ka ikehu a me ka hana i nā mea kanu waiwai nui i hiki ke hana ʻia i ka wā pōkole me ka hoʻokomo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa [46,47]
I nā 'factory' mea kanu, ʻo nā mea kanu nui i ulu ʻia i kēia manawa he lau lau a me nā mea kanu, ma muli o kēia mau mea kanu i ka wā ulu pōkole (no ka mea ʻaʻole pono nā huaʻai a me nā ʻanoʻano) a me ka waiwai nui [7], ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ia mau mea kanu e pono ai ka māmā. no ka photosynthesis [48] a no ka mea hiki ke ʻohi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka biomass mea kanu [46,49]. Loaʻa ka mana nui e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu i ulu ma nā mahiʻai kūlanakauhale [12].
3.2. Nānā Hana Hana: Aia i hea ka makemake o nā mea komo?
He mea nui ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumuhana noiʻi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka lehulehu a me ka noiʻi kālā pilikino no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ʻoki ʻana. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka Future Food Systems Co-operative Research Center (FFSCRC), i hoʻokumu ʻia e New South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), University of New South Wales (UNSW) a me Food Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), he consortium. ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mea hoʻokumu
ʻoihana, aupuni a me nā mea noiʻi. ʻO kāna noiʻi a me nā papahana hiki ke manaʻo e kākoʻo i nā poʻe komo i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana o nā ʻōnaehana meaʻai kūloko a me peri-urban, e lawe ana i nā huahana hou mai ka prototype a i ka mākeke a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kaulahao lako i mālama pono ʻia mai ka mahiʻai a i ka mea kūʻai aku. I kēlā hopena, hāʻawi ka FFSRC i kahi kaiapuni noiʻi hui pū ʻana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia i mea e hoʻonui ai i ko mākou hiki ke hoʻopuka i nā huahana horticultural kiʻekiʻe a kōkua iā Australia e lilo i alakaʻi i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana no ka ʻāpana pale-cropping.
Ua noiʻi ʻia ka poʻe i komo e ʻike i nā mea kanu i makemake ʻia no ka mahiʻai i loko. Ma waena o ka poʻe i ʻike i nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoihoi i nā mea kanu hou (29%), a ukali ʻia e ka hoihoi i nā mea kanu hua (22%); ka cannabis lapaʻau, nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe a me nā mea kanu kūikawā (13%); ʻano ʻōiwi/ ʻōiwi (10%); nā halo / fungi (10%); a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo lau (3%) (Figure 4).
Hōʻike 4. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea kanu i hana ʻia i kēia manawa e nā poʻe komo i ka FFSCRC i loko o nā hale kanu i pale ʻia, a no laila, makemake paha nā poʻe komo i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hopena no ka ulu ʻana i kēia mau mea kanu ma lalo o ka uhi.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka noiʻi ma luna o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea komo i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele; ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike kikoʻī he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi kikoʻī o nā mea komo.
3.3. Hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu hou no nā hale hana hoʻomalu-kaiapuni
Ke holomua nei nā ʻenehana hoʻohua no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe [50]. I ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana, kahi ʻāpana hoʻokele waiwai me nā loli wikiwiki i nā ʻano mākeke a me nā makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ka cultivar kūpono he mea koʻikoʻi [44,51]. Nui nā haʻawina e loiloi ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu waiwai nui e like me ka ʻōmato a me ka eggplant no ka hana ʻana i ka hale kōmaena [52,53]. Ua maʻalahi nā ʻenehana hoʻohua hou [50] i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā cultivars hou me nā ʻano i makemake ʻia, a ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau hui e hoʻolālā i nā mea kanu no ka ulu ʻana i nā kaiapuni i mālama ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui LED [20]. Eia nō naʻe, ua hānai ʻia nā cultivars i ka hapa nui e hoʻonui i ka hua ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka māla [46]. ʻO nā ʻano mea kanu e like me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka maloʻo, ka wela a me ka hau - makemake ʻia i nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau e lawe i nā hoʻopaʻi hua - ʻaʻole pono i ka
mahiʻai i loko.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe i ka mahiʻai i loko, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pōʻai pōkole o ke ola, ka pua mau ʻana, ka ratio haʻahaʻa o ke aʻa-a-pana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa photosynthetic-energy hoʻokomo, a me nā ʻano mea kūʻai makemake e like me ka ʻono, kala, kikokiko a me ka meaʻai meaʻai kikoʻī [12,13]. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ka hānau ʻana no ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā huahana i makemake nui ʻia me ka waiwai mākeke kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke mālama ʻia ke ʻano māmā, ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa a me ka lako meaʻai i mea e hoʻololi ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pūhui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā lau a me nā hua [54,55] a hoʻonui i ka waiwai waiwai o nā mea kanu, me nā protein (nui a me ka maikaʻi), nā huaora A, C a me E, carotenoids, flavonoids, minerals, glycosides a me anthocyanins [12]. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻololi kūlohelohe (i ka hua waina) a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano (i ka hua kiwi) e hoʻololi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā mea kanu, kahi e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana i loko o nā wahi i kaupalena ʻia. I loko o kahi noiʻi hou, ua hana ʻia nā mea kanu ʻōmato a me nā cherry me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CRISPR-Cas9 e hoʻohui i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona makemake ʻekolu: kahi phenotype dwarf, kahi maʻamau ulu paʻa a me ka pua mua. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kūpono o nā ʻano ʻano tomato 'hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai i loko me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka māla a me nā ʻoihana kūʻai kūʻokoʻa [56].
ʻO ka loiloi o ka molecular breeding e hana i nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kūkākūkā i ka waiwai hoʻohui o nā huahana mahiʻai ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu me nā pono olakino a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻai [46]. ʻO nā ala nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu mahiʻai me nā pono olakino i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka nui o kahi meaʻai intrinsic i makemake ʻia a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pūhui makemake ʻole, a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pūhui waiwai.
ʻAʻole hana maʻamau i ka hua.
4. Nā pilikia a me nā manawa kūpono i ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka mahiʻai i loko
He liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ke kaiapuni i nā keʻena mahiʻai i mālama ʻia a me nā hale mahiʻai i loko. ʻOiai ʻo ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka uhi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ikehu ma mua o nā ʻano hana mahiʻai ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻēmi i ka hopena o ke aniau, e hōʻoia i ka traceability a me ka ulu ʻana i ka meaʻai maikaʻi aʻe e hoʻoikaika i ka hāʻawi mau ʻana i nā huahana maikaʻi, e huki ana i nā hoʻihoʻi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kumukūʻai hana hou. [18]. ʻO nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i mālama ʻia:
• Nā koina nui kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o ke kumukūʻai ʻāina kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi i loko o ke kaona a me ke kaona;
• ka hoʻohana ikehu kiʻekiʻe;
• Ke koi no ka hana akamai;
• Hoʻoponopono i nā maʻi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomalu kemika; a
• Ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi waiwai waiwai—e wehewehe a hōʻoia i nā ʻano maikaʻi o ka hua—no nā mea kanu i ulu i loko o ka hale.
Ma ka ʻāpana aʻe, kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi o nā pilikia a me nā manawa kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia.
4.1. Nā Kūlana Pono no ka Huahana Kiʻekiʻe a me ka Hoʻohana Pono Pono
ʻO ka ʻike nui aʻe o nā koi o nā mea kanu i nā pae ulu like ʻole a ma lalo o nā ʻano māmā like ʻole he mea nui inā e mālama ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai ma nā wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e komo pū ana me kāna mau mea e pili ana i ka ea a me ka meaʻai, a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano a me nā kūlana mechanical, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ka hua a me nā hua nui [57]. Hiki i nā mea ulu ulu ke hoʻololi i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, ka nui o ka evapotranspiration a me nā pōʻai physiological. Ma waena o nā ʻano climatic, ʻo ka pāhawewe lā ka mea nui e like me ka photosynthesis e pono ai ka mālamalama, a ʻo ka hua ʻai e like pono me ka pae o ka lā a hiki i nā wahi hoʻomāmā māmā no ka photosynthesis. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, pono ka hoʻokele kaiapuni pololei i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻemi ana i ka loaʻa kālā o ka mahiʻai hoʻomalu-kaiapuni. ʻO ka ikehu e pono ai no ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana he mea nui ia a me ka pahuhopu no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai ikehu [6]. Hāʻawi nā mea aniani a me nā ʻenehana aniani hou e like me Smart Glass [58] i nā manawa hoʻohiki no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻololi kaiapuni. I kēia mau lā, hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenehana aniani hou a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha maikaʻi i loko o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia i nā hale aniani. Hiki ke emi nā mea aniani
ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila, ma ka lawe ʻana i ka pāhawewe nui o ka lā a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ikehu māmā e hana i ka uila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā cell photovoltaic [59,60].
Eia naʻe, pili nā mea uhi i nā microclimates greenhouse [61,62] me ka māmā [63] a no laila he mea nui e loiloi i ka hopena o nā mea glazing novel i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu a me ka physiology, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, nā hua hua a me ka maikaʻi i nā wahi e pili ana i nā kumu. e like me CO2, ka mahana, nā meaʻai a me ka irrigation e hoʻomalu ponoʻia. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o ka poli regioregular (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a me ka phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) no ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu pepa (Capsicum annuum). Ma lalo o ka malu o nā OPV, ua hoʻopuka nā mea kanu pepa i 20.2% ka nui o nā hua a me nā mea kanu malu he 21.8% kiʻekiʻe ma ka hopena o ke kau ulu [64]. Ma kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i pili ka emi ʻana o ka PAR e nā panela photovoltaic maʻalahi ma luna o ka hale i ka hua, ka morphology mea kanu, ka nui o nā pua i kēlā me kēia lālā, ka waihoʻoluʻu hua, ka paʻa a me ka pH [65].
Ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nei kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni 'aniani akamai' ultra-low-reflective, Solar Gard™ ULR-80 [58], i ka hana hale aniani. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka ʻike ʻana i ka hiki o nā mea glazing me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka transmittance māmā a hoʻemi i ke kumu kūʻai o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā hana i loko o nā hale horticulture horticulture ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni akamai (SG) i ke aniani maʻamau o kēlā me kēia hale aniani i loko o nā keʻena e ulu ana i nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana kūʻai kūʻokoʻa a me nā hana hoʻokele [66,67]. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua eggplant ma lalo o SG ua hōʻike i ka ikaika a me ka maikaʻi o ka fertigation [42], akā ua hōʻemi pū ʻia ka hua eggplant, ma muli o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pua a / a i ʻole nā hua hoʻohua ma muli o ka photosynthesis māmā [58]. Pono paha ke ki'i SG i ho'ololi 'ia no ka ho'opuka 'ana i nā kūlana māmā maika'i loa a ho'emi i nā palena māmā no nā hua ki'eki'e-carbon-sink e like me ka eggplant.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea aniani e mālama ai i ka ikehu hou e like me ke aniani akamai e hāʻawi i kahi manawa kūpono e hōʻemi ai i ke kumukūʻai ikehu o nā hana hale aniani a hoʻopaʻa i nā kūlana māmā no ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu. Hiki i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni uhi akamai e like me nā luminescent-light emitting agricultural films (LLEAF) ke hoʻonui a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia. LLEAF
hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nā panela ma nā ʻano mea kanu pua a pua ʻole e hoʻoholo ai inā kōkua lākou i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana (ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kaʻina physiological e kākoʻo ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka huahana a me ka maikaʻi).
4.2. Hooponopono Pest and Ma'i
ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia i nā pests a me nā maʻi, i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai, paʻakikī loa lākou a paʻakikī hoʻi e mālama me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika synthetic. ʻO ka mahiʻai kūloko kūloko e hiki ai ke nānā pono i nā mea kanu no nā hōʻailona o ka pest a i ʻole ka maʻi, me ka lima a/a i ʻole (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana sensing) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana robotic e kū mai ana a me nā kaʻina hana mamao.
ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā maʻi ʻino a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea kanu maʻi a / a i ʻole nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia [7].
Pono nā ʻano hana hoʻokele pest integrated (IPM) [68] no ka hoʻokele pono ʻana i nā pests i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele kūpono (moʻomeheu, kino, mechanical, biological and chemical), me nā hana moʻomeheu maikaʻi, nā ʻenehana nānā kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻike kikoʻī hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā noi pesticide. ʻO kahi ala hoʻohui i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā cultivars kūpaʻa, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā hana moʻomeheu maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā pesticides [44]. Hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā IPM hou ke hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana a me ka pono e hoʻopili i nā pesticides kemika. No ka laʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōpala hou, i hānai ʻia ma ke kālepa, pono maoli (e laʻa, aphid midge, lacewing ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu a hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomalu kemika. Ke ho'āʻo nei i nā ʻano IPM hou
nā hoʻolālā, ma kahi kaʻawale a hui pū ʻia, e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no nā mea kanu.
4.3. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā meaʻai a me nā waiwai ʻai
Hāʻawi ka ʻohi pale ʻia i nā mea ulu a me nā hoa hana me nā hua kiʻekiʻe a me nā huahana kiʻekiʻe a puni ka makahiki [69]. ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, akā naʻe, pono ka ho'āʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka meaʻai a me ka maikaʻi [70]. ʻO nā ʻōnaʻi kumu o ka maikaʻi o nā huaʻai e pili ana i ka makū, ka pH, nā mea paʻa i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka lehu, ka waihoʻoluʻu hua, ka waikawa ascorbic a me ka waikawa titratable, a me nā ʻāpana meaʻai kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā kō, nā momona, nā protein, nā huaora a me nā antioxidants; He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ke ana ʻana o ka paʻa a me ka pohō o ka wai i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi maikaʻi [66]. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka huaʻai i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā genotypes huaʻai i loaʻa no nā ʻāpana maikaʻi e hāʻawi i nā ʻano huaʻai a me nā meaʻai waiwai hou no nā mea kanu a me nā mea kūʻai aku. Pono e hoʻolālā ʻia nā hoʻolālā Agronomic e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana a me nā hana hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana a me nā mea kanu mea kanu o kēia mau mea kanu waiwai nui.
4.4. Loaʻa ka hana a me nā limahana akamai
Ke hoʻonui nei nā koi o ka hana no ka ʻoihana mahiʻai i pale ʻia (> 5% o ka makahiki) a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000 poʻe ma Australia e hoʻohana pololei ʻia e ka ʻoihana. ʻOiai ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka automation, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka nui i pale ʻia e koi i ka hana nui, ʻoi aku ka nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka pollination mechanical a me ka ʻohi hua. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka makemake
no ka poʻe mahiʻai akamai loa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā limahana akamai kūpono [18,71]. E koi ʻia kahi limahana akamai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai kūwaho kūloko, kahi e hana ai i nā ʻoihana hou no nā ʻenehana, nā luna papahana, nā limahana mālama a me nā limahana kūʻai aku a me nā limahana kūʻai aku [7]. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā keʻena holomua ʻoihana multipurpose e hāʻawi i kahi manawa e pane ai i nā nīnau noiʻi, a laila e hoʻonui i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana i loko o nā mea kanu like ʻole me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mākau e koi nui ʻia i ka ʻāpana pale-cropping e hiki mai ana.
5. Nā hopena
I loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻenehana akamai, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka loaʻa kālā ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā wahi koʻikoʻi a/a i ʻole nā hana nui e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu, pollination, a me ka ʻohi ʻana. Ke wehe nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o AI, robotics a me ML i nā ʻāpana hou no ka ʻoki ʻana i pale ʻia. He hapa liʻiliʻi nā mahiʻai kūwaho o ka mākeke mahiʻai honua a, ʻoiai ʻo ka ikaika nui o ka ikehu, hāʻawi ka mahiʻai kūwaho i nā huahana like ʻole me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka wai a me ka pono meaʻai. He mea nui ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā mea kanu like ʻole inā ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i pale ʻia e hana i kahi hopena maikaʻi nui i ka palekana meaʻai honua. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu ʻenehana haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻenehana i hoʻopuka nui ʻia i nā ʻōmato, kukama, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant a me nā mea kanu letus, me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā mea kanu ʻĀsia.
Ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā keʻena kaiapuni nui ma Australia i ka ulu ʻana i nā tōmato. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā cultivars kūpono e pono ai ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻano kī nui i ʻokoʻa mai nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he makemake ʻia i nā mea kanu waho. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka mahiʻai i loko, ʻo ia ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ola o ka huaʻai, ka pua mau, ka ratio haʻahaʻa aʻa-a-pana, hoʻonui i ka hana ma lalo o ka photosynthetic haʻahaʻa.
hoʻokomo i ka ikehu, a me nā ʻano mea kūʻai i makemake ʻia, e like me ka ʻono, ka waihoʻoluʻu, ke ʻano a me nā ʻano meaʻai kikoʻī.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana no nā mea kanu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka meaʻai e hoʻopuka i nā huahana horticultural (a hiki ke loaʻa, lāʻau lapaʻau) me ka waiwai mākeke maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka loaʻa kālā a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i pale ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hopena i nā pilikia mua e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻomaka, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, ka hana akamai, ka hoʻokele pest a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maikaʻi.
Ke noiʻi ʻia nei a i ʻole hoʻāʻo ʻia nā mea hoʻonaninani hou a me nā holomua ʻenehana i kēia manawa e hāʻawi i nā hāʻina e hoʻoponopono ai i kekahi o nā pilikia paʻakikī i pale ʻia. Hiki i kēia mau holomua ke hāʻawi i ka hoʻoikaika kūpono e kōkua i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻāpana ʻoki i pale ʻia i kahi pae hoʻomau a me ke kumu kūʻai o ka ikaika-efficiency a hoʻokō i nā koi ulu no ka palekana meaʻai, ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu.
maʻiʻo, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hopena kūlohelohe.
Nā haʻawina a ka mea kākau: SGC kākau i ka loiloi me ka hoʻokomo a me ka hoʻoponopono i hāʻawi ʻia e DTT, Z.-HC, OG a me CIC Ua heluhelu a ʻae nā mea kākau a pau i ka mana i paʻi ʻia o ka manuscript.
hoʻolako 'ia o: Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka loiloi ma luna o kahi hōʻike i hāʻawi ʻia a kālā ʻia e ka Future Food Systems Cooperative Research Center, e kākoʻo ana i nā hui alakaʻi ʻoihana ma waena o ka ʻoihana, nā mea noiʻi, a me ke kaiāulu. Ua loaʻa pū iā mākou ke kākoʻo kālā mai nā papahana Horticulture Innovation Australia (Haʻawi helu VG16070 iā DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Helu hāʻawi VG17003 iā DTT, Z.-HC; Helu hāʻawi LP18000 iā Z.-HC) a me ka papahana CRC P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
ʻO ka ʻōlelo a ka Papa Hoʻonaʻauao ʻOihana: Pili 'ole.
Hōʻike ʻae ʻia: Pili 'ole.
ʻŌlelo i loaʻa i ka ʻikepili: Pili 'ole.
Nā paio o ka lokomaikaʻi: ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i ka paʻi kālā.
E hoʻomaopopo '
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