Ina Alsina 1, Ieva Erdberga 1*, Mara Duma 2, Reinis Alksnis3 a me Laila Dubova 1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
2 Keʻena ʻOihana Kimia, Kumu o ka ʻenehana Meaʻai, Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
3 Keʻena o ka Makemakika, Kumu o nā ʻenehana ʻike, Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
Introduction
E like me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka meaʻai i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke ola kanaka e ulu ana, ke piʻi nei ke kaomi i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai. ʻO nā ʻōmato, ʻo ia ka lua o nā mea kanu i ulu nui ʻia [e like me ka helu ʻo Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) no 2019], he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka meaʻai o nā ʻāina āpau.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka caloric liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka fiber, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea minerala, nā huaora, a me nā phenols, e like me nā flavonoids, e hoʻolilo i ka hua tōmato he "meaʻai kūpono" maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi ana i nā pono kino kino a me nā pono meaʻai kumu. (1). ʻO nā mea biochemically active i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōmato, ʻoi loa ma muli o ko lākou mana antioxidant kiʻekiʻe, ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻomaikaʻi maʻamau o ke olakino, akā ma ke ʻano he koho therapeutic no nā maʻi like ʻole, e like me ka maʻi diabetes, nā maʻi naʻau, a me nā mea ʻona. (2-4). He 3.0-8.88% mea maloʻo ka awelika o ka hua ʻōmato, ʻo ia ka 25% fructose, 22% glucose, 1% sucrose, 9% citric acid, 4% malic acid, 8% mineral element, 8% protein, 7% pectin. , 6% cellulose, 4% hemicellulose, 2% lipids, a ʻo ke koena 4% he amino acids, nā huaora, nā pūhui phenolic, a me nā puaʻa. (5, 6). ʻOkoʻa ka haku ʻana o kēia mau pūhui ma muli o ke ʻano genotype, nā kūlana ulu, a me ka pae hoʻomohala hua. ʻO nā mea kanu ʻo Tomato ka mea maʻalahi i nā mea kūlohelohe, e like me ke ʻano māmā, ka mahana, a me ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka substrate, e alakaʻi ai i nā loli i ka metabolism o nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻopilikia i ka maikaʻi a me ke ʻano kemika o ka hua. (7). Hoʻopilikia nā kūlana kaiapuni i ka physiology o ke kōmato a me ka synthesis o nā metabolites lua. ʻO nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi e hoʻonui i ko lākou waiwai antioxidant (8).
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kumu o nā ʻōmato ma ke ʻano he ʻano i ka ʻāina ʻAmelika Waena (9) a me nā ʻenehana, e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻolako i ka mahana a me ka māmā e pono ai no nā tōmato, pono e hoʻolako i nā kūlana agroclimatic e pono ai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻāina ʻoluʻolu a i ka wā hoʻoilo. Ma lalo o ia mau kūlana, ʻo ka māmā ke kumu palena ʻole no ka ulu ʻana o ka tōmato. ʻO nā kukui hoʻohui i ka wā hoʻoilo a me nā kau mua o ke kauwela e hiki ai ke hana i nā tōmato kiʻekiʻe i ka wā haʻahaʻa o ka lā.
(10) . ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui me nā lōʻihi nalu like ʻole ke hōʻoia i ka lawa o ka hua tōmato, akā hoʻololi pū i ke ʻano biochemical o nā hua tōmato. No nā makahiki he 60 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui sodium kiʻekiʻe (HPSL) i ka ʻoihana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o ko lākou ola lōʻihi a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
(11) . Eia nō naʻe, i kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo nā kukui-emitting diodes (LED) i mea kaulana loa ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa hoʻopakele ikehu. (12). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka LED hoʻohui ma ke ʻano he kumu kukui kūpono e hoʻokō i ka koi no ka hana ʻana i nā tōmato. ʻO ka Lycopene a me ka lutein i loko o nā tōmato he 18 a me 142% kiʻekiʻe i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai lākou i nā kukui LED hou. Eia naʻe, в-ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka maʻiʻo carotene ma waena o ka mālama māmā (12). Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lycopene a me ka ʻulaʻula LED в- ka maʻiʻo carotene (13), ka hopena i ka oʻo mua ʻana o ka hua ʻōmato (14). Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka hua ʻōmato ʻoʻo e ka lōʻihi o ka ʻulaʻula lōʻihi (FR) māmā. (15). Ua unuhi ʻia nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike i loko o ke aʻo ʻana e Xie: ʻo ke kukui ʻulaʻula e hoʻoulu i ka hōʻiliʻili lycopene, akā hoʻohuli ke kukui FR i kēia hopena. (13). He liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ke kukui polū i ka ulu ʻana i nā hua ʻōmato, akā ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kukui uliuli i ka nui o nā pūhui biochemical i loko o nā hua ʻōmato, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūpaʻa kaʻina. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻo Kong a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kukui polū e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o nā tōmato, no ka mea, hoʻonui nui ke kukui polū i ka paʻa o ka hua. (16), 'o ia ho'i, ho'olohi ka polū i ke ka'ina 'o'o, e ho'onui ai i ka nui o ke kō a me ka pua'a. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā uhi ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o ka māmā. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi uhi me kahi kukui ʻulaʻula kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui i ka lycopene ma kahi o 25%. I ka hui pū ʻana me kahi photoperiod i hoʻonui ʻia mai ka 11 a i ka 12 h, piʻi ka nui o ka lycopene ma kahi o 70% (17). ʻAʻole hiki i nā haʻawina ke hoʻokaʻawale pololei i ka hopena o nā mea i hoʻololi ʻia i ka haku mele ʻana o nā hua ʻōmato. ʻOi loa, ma nā kūlana ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano o ka huaʻai e nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka wai. Eia kekahi, pili paha kēia mau mea me ka genotypespecific i ke ʻano a me ka pae hoʻomohala (1, 18). Loaʻa paha i ka nele wai ka maikaʻi o ka hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (sugars, amino acids, a me nā waikawa organik), ʻo ia nā mea nui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā hua. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā huaʻai no ka mea e pili ana i ka ʻono a me ka ʻono (8).
ʻOiai nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia o ka spectrum māmā i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metabolites mea kanu, pono ka ʻike ākea o nā hopena spectrum like ʻole no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā tōmato. No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka loiloi i ka hopena o nā kukui hou i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metabolites mua a me ka lua i loko o nā ʻano ʻano tōmato like ʻole. Hiki i nā hoʻololi i ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka ʻōnaehana kukui ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā metabolites mua a me ka lua i loko o nā hua ʻōmato. E hoʻomaikaʻi ka ʻike i loaʻa i ka ʻike i ka hopena o ka mālamalama i ka pilina ma waena o ka hua a me kona ʻano.
NĀ MEI A ME NĀ MANAʻO
Mea kanu a me nā kūlana ulu Ua mālama ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo (4 mm cell polycarbonate) o ka Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies 56°39'N 23°43’E i ka makahiki 2018/2019, 2019/2020, a me 2020/2021 i ka hopena o ke kau-amu o ke kau puna.
ʻO nā tōmato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) i kālai ʻia ma ke kūʻai kūʻai ʻia ʻo “Bolzano F1” (ka waihoʻoluʻu hua—ʻalani), “Chocomate F1” (ka waihoʻoluʻu hua—ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula), a me nā mea kanu hua ʻulaʻula “Diamont F1,” “Encore F1,” a me “ Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Strabena F1". He ʻelua poʻo alakaʻi ko kēlā me kēia mea kanu a i ka wā e ulu ana, ua trellised ʻia ma kahi ʻōnaehana uea kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā mea kanu i loaʻa, ʻo ka mua, ua hoʻololi ʻia i loko o nā pahu ʻeleʻele 5 L me ka substrate peat "Laflora" KKS-2, pHKCl 5.2-6.0, a me ka nui o ka hakina 0-20 mm, huikau PG (NPK 15-1020) 1.2 kg m-3, Ca 1.78%, a me Mg 0.21%. I ka hiki ʻana o nā mea kanu i anthesis, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou i loko o nā ipu ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele 15 L me ka substrate peat "Laflora" like KKS-2. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule me ka 1% solution o Kristalon Green (NPK 18-18-18) me Mg, S, a me nā microelements i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me Kristalon Red (NPK 12-12-36) me nā microelements a i ʻole 1. % Ca(NO3)2 i ka wā hānau, ma ka 300 ml no ka L o ka substratum.
Ua mālama ʻia ka nui o ka wai i loko o nā pahu mea kanu ma 50-80% o ka piha piha o ka wai. ʻO 20-22 ka maʻamau o ke ao / pō°C/17-18°C.
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mahana i ka lā (Malaki) ma mua o 32°C a me ka wela liʻiliʻi (Nowemapa) i ka pō ʻaʻole <12°C. Ua ana pū ʻia ka mahana ma lalo o nā kukui ma ka mamao 50, 100, a me 150 knm mai ka luminaire. Ua ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka HPSL 50 knm mai ka luminaire, he 1.5 ka mahana°C kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana ma ka pae hua.
Kūlana kukui
Ua mahi ʻia nā ʻōmato i nā kau kau-lau-lau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui hou me ka photoperiod 16 h. ʻEkolu kumu kukui ʻokoʻa i hoʻohana ʻia: Led cob Helle top LED 280 (LED), induction (IND) lamp, a me HPSL Helle Magna (HPSL). Ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, loaʻa i nā mea kanu he 200 ± 30 ^mol m-2 s-1 ma lalo o LED a me HPSL a me 170 ± 30 ^mol m-2 s-1 malalo o na kukui IND. Hōʻike ʻia ka māhele ʻana o ka ʻālohilohi maNā Hōkū 1,2. Ua ʻike ʻia ka māmā māmā a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kikoʻī e ka mīkini kukui spectral paʻa lima MSC15 (Gigahertz Optik GmbH, Turkenfeld, Kelemānia, UK).
ʻOkoʻa nā kukui i hoʻohana ʻia i kā lākou māhele spectral māmā. ʻO HPSL ka mea like loa me ka lā i ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula (625-700 nm) o ke kiko kiko. ʻO ke kukui IND ma kēia ʻāpana o ka spectrum i hāʻawi i ka 23.5% emi ka mālamalama, akā ua kokoke ʻo LED i 2 mau manawa hou aʻe. ʻO ke kukui ʻalani (590-625 nm) ka hapa nui i hoʻopuka ʻia e HPSL, ʻōmaʻomaʻo (500-565 nm) ka hapa nui o ka IND, ʻo ke kukui uliuli (450-485 nm) i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e LED, akā ʻo ke kukui poni (380450 nm) ka hapa nui o ke kukui IND. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ke kukui ʻike ʻia, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kumu kukui LED ʻo ia ka mea kokoke loa i ka lā a pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka IND ʻo ia ka mea kūpono ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka spectrum.
Ka unuhi a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea phytochemical
Ua ʻohi ʻia nā hua ʻo Tomato i ka pae piha. ʻOhi ʻia nā hua i hoʻokahi mahina e hoʻomaka ana i ka waena o Nowemapa a pau i Malaki. Ua helu ʻia a kaupaona ʻia nā hua a pau. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, 5 mau huaʻai mai kēlā me kēia ʻano (no cv "Strabena" -8-10 hua) i hoʻohālike ʻia no ka nānā ʻana. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua ʻōmato a lilo i ʻano puree me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hui lima. No kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loiloi ʻia, ʻekolu hana hou i kālailai ʻia.
Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o Lycopene a me в-Carotene
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka lycopene a me в-carotene, he laʻana o 0.5 ± 0.001 g mai ka ʻōmato puree a laila kaupaona ʻia i loko o kahi paipu a ua hoʻohui ʻia he 10 mL o tetrahydrofuran (THF). (19). Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paipu a mālama ʻia ma ka lumi wela no 15 min, e haʻalulu i kekahi manawa, a hope ke centrifuged no 10 min ma 5,000 rpm. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka absorbance o nā supernatants i loaʻa i spectrophotometrically ma ke ana ʻana i ka absorbance ma 663, 645, 505, a me 453 nm a laila ka lycopene a в- nā mea i loko o ka carotene (mg 100 mL-1) ua helu ʻia e like me ka hoohalike aʻe.
Clyc = -0.0458 x Аббз + 0.204 x Аб45 + 0.372 x A505– 0.0806 x A453 (1)
Ckaʻa = 0.216 x A663 – 1.22 x A645 – 0.304 x A505+ 0.452 x A453 (2)
kahi A663, A645, A505, a me A453—ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana ma ka lōʻihi nalu like (20).
ʻO ka lycopene a me в-ʻike ʻia nā manaʻo carotene e like me mg gF-M1 .
Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana i nā Phenols Huina
Ua kaupaona ʻia kahi laʻana o 1 ± 0.001 g mai ka puree tōmato i loko o kahi paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ua hoʻohui ʻia he 10 ml o ka solvent (methanol/distilled water/hydrochloric acid 79:20:1). Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻoluliluli ʻia no 60 mau minuke ma 20°C i ka pōʻeleʻele a laila centrifuge no 10 min ma 5,000 rpm. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka phenol ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric. (21) me kekahi mau hoʻololi: Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he 10-fold i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia) i 0.5 ml o ka extract a ma hope o 3 min e hoʻohui i 2 mL o ka sodium carbonate (Na.2CO3) (75 gL-1). Ua hui pū ʻia ka hāpana a ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o 2 mau hola ma ka lumi wela i ka pōʻeleʻele, ua ana ʻia ka absorbance ma 760 nm. Ua helu ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā hui phenolic a pau ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pihi calibration a loaʻa i ka hoohalike 3, a ua hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he gallic acid equivalent (GAE) no 100 g o ka nui o nā tōmato hou.
0.556 x (A760 + 0.09) x 100
Phe = 0.556 × (A760 + 0.09) × 100/m (3)
kahi o A760-ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana ma ka lōʻihi nalu e pili ana a me ka m— kaupaʻa o ka hāpana.
Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana i nā Flavonoids
Ua kaupaona ʻia kahi laʻana o 1 ± 0.001 g mai ka ʻōmato puree i loko o kahi paipu puka puka a ua hoʻohui ʻia he 10 mL ethanol. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻoluliluli ʻia no 60 mau minuke ma 20oC i ka pōʻeleʻele a laila centrifuge no 10 min ma 5,000 rpm. ʻO ke ʻano colorimetric (22) ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā flavonoids me nā loli liʻiliʻi: 2 mL o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me 0.15 mL o 5% sodium nitrite (NaNO.2) ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena i ka 0.5 mL o ka extract. Ma hope o 5 min, he 0.15-mL o 10% solution of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) ua hoʻohui ʻia. Ua ʻae ʻia ka hui ʻana e kū no 5 mau minuke hou a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka solution 1mL 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Ua hui pū ʻia ka hāpana a ma hope o 15 min ma ka lumi wela, ua ana ʻia ka absorbance ma 415 nm. Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka flavonoids ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka curve calibration a me ka Equation 4 a ua hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he nui o nā mea like catechin (CEs) no 100 g o ke kaumaha o nā tōmato hou.
Fla = 0.444 × A415 × 100/m (4)
kahi o A415-ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka lōʻihi nalu e pili ana a me ka m— ka nui o ka hāpana.
Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana o ka Mea Māloʻo a me nā Paʻa Paʻa Hoʻoholo ʻia ka mea maloʻo ma ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā laʻana i loko o ka thermostat at60oC.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (i hōʻike ʻia e like me ◦Brix) ua ana ʻia me ka refractometer (A.KRUSS Optronic Digital Handheld Refractometer Dr301-95) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 20oC me ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana i ka Acidity Titratable (TA)
Ua kaupaona ʻia kahi laʻana o 2 ± 0.01 g mai ka ʻōmato puree i loko o kahi paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hiki i ka 20 mL. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻoluliluli ʻia no 60 mau minuke ma ka lumi mahanahana a laila centrifuged no 10 min ma 5,000 rpm. 5 mL aliquots i titrated me 0.1 M NaOH i mua o ka phenolphthalein.
TA = VNaOH × Vt/Vs × m (5)
kahi o VNaoH-ka nui o ka 0.1 M NaOH i hoʻohana ʻia, Vt—ka huina nui (20 mL), a me ka Vs—kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia (5 mL).
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke ʻano he mg o ka waikawa citric no 100 g o ka paona tōmato hou. 1 mL 0.1 M NaOH pili i 6.4 mg ʻakika citric.
Ka Ho'oholo 'ana i ka 'Idena 'ono (TI)
Ua helu ʻia kahi TI ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike 6 (23).
TI = ◦Brix/(20 × TA)+ TA (6)
NāʻIke Heluhelu
Ua ho'āʻo ʻia ka maʻamau a me ka homogeneity o nā ʻikepili wehewehe no 354 mau ʻike. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻo Shapiro-Wilk no ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻamau i loko o kēlā me kēia hui ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka mālama kukui. No ka helu ʻana i ka homogeneity o nā ʻokoʻa, ua hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo a Levene. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo Kruskal-Wallis e nānā i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kūlana kukui. I ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Wilcoxon post-hoc hoʻoponopono me Bonferroni hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻelua. ʻO ka pae koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kikokikona, nā papa a me nā kiʻi a = 5%, ke ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe.
Nā Hua
ʻO ka nui o nā hua ʻōmato a me nā ʻāpana biochemical hua i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke ʻano genetically, akā he hopena koʻikoʻi nā kūlana mahiʻai i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona. ʻOhi ʻia nā hua nui loa mai “Diamont” (88.3 ± 22.9 g) a ʻohi ʻia nā hua liʻiliʻi loa mai “Strabena” (13.0 ± 3.8g), ʻo ia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā tōmato cherry. Ua ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka hua i loko o ka ʻano like ʻole mai ka manawa o ka ʻohi ʻana. Ua ʻohi ʻia nā hua nui loa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ʻana a ua emi ka nui o nā tōmato i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mālamalama maoli i ka hopena o Malaki, ua hoʻonui iki ka nui o nā tōmato.
I loko o nā makahiki ʻekolu, ua ʻohi ʻia ka hua tōmato kiʻekiʻe loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka HPSL ma ke ʻano he kukui hou. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka hua ma lalo o nā LED he 16.0%, a ma lalo o IND - 17.7% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPSL. He ʻokoʻa ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā ʻōmato i nā kukui hoʻohui. Ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka hua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui ka helu, no ka cv "Strabena", "Chocomate" a me "Diamont" ma lalo o nā LED. No ka cv "Bolzano" ʻaʻole i kūpono nā kukui ʻē aʻe o LED a i ʻole IND, ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka huina o 25-31%.
Ma ka awelika, loaʻa i nā hua tōmato nui nā mea maloʻo liʻiliʻi a me nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻono loa, a liʻiliʻi nā carotenoids a me nā phenols. ʻO ka mea i hoʻopilikia liʻiliʻi ʻia e ka nui o nā huaʻai, ʻo ia ka maʻiʻo waikawa. ʻIke ʻia kahi pilina kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ka mea maloʻo a me ka maʻi paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka TI (rn=195 > 0.9). ʻO ka helu hoʻopili ma waena o ka mea maloʻo a i ʻole nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka carotenoid (lycopene a me ka carotene) a me ka ʻike phenol ma waena o 0.7 a me 0.8. (Hōʻike 3).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua, ʻoiai he nui nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana i aʻo ʻia ma waena o nā kukui i hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi manawa, he liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hoʻololi nui ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ke kumu kukui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā ulu holoʻokoʻa a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ʻekolu. nā kau ulu (1 Pūnaewele). Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea maloʻo i nā tōmato o nā ʻano ʻano āpau i ulu ma lalo o HPSL (1 PūnaeweleaHōʻike 5).
ʻO ke kaumaha hou, ka mea maloʻo, a me nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe
ʻO ke kaumaha a me ka nui o ka hua e hilinaʻi nui i nā kūlana ulu o ka mea kanu. ʻOiai he ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka awelika hua o nā tōmato e ulu ana ma lalo o nā kukui hoʻokomo ʻia he 12% ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o HPSL a i ʻole LED. ʻOkoʻa ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole i ke kukui LED hoʻohui. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hua nui aʻe ma lalo o nā LED e "Chocomate" a me "Diamont," akā ʻo ke kaumaha hou o "Bolzano" aia ma ka awelika he 72% wale nō o ke kaumaha o ke kōmato ma lalo o HPSL. ʻO nā hua o "Encore" a me "Strabena" i ulu ʻia ma lalo o LED a me IND kukui hoʻohui ʻia ua like ke kaumaha a he 10 a me 7% ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā tōmato i ulu ʻia ma lalo o HPSL (Hōʻike 4).
ʻO ka ʻiʻo maloʻo kekahi o nā hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi o ka hua. Hoʻopili ʻia ia me ka maʻiʻo paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻololi i ka ʻono o nā ʻōmato. I kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka mea maloʻo o nā tōmato ma waena o 46 a me 113 mg g-1. ʻO ka maʻiʻo mea maloʻo kiʻekiʻe loa (ma ka awelika 95 mg g-1) ua loaʻa no nā ʻano cherry “Strabena.” Ma waena o nā mea kanu ʻōmato ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea maloʻo kiʻekiʻe loa (ma ka awelika 66 mg g-1) i loaʻa ma “Chocomate” (Hōʻike 5).
I ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka ʻakika organik, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he citric acid (CA) like i loko o nā tōmato, awelika mai 365 a 640 mg 100 g.-1 . Loaʻa ka ʻakika organik kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o ka cherry tomato cv "Strabena," he awelika o 596 ± 201 mg CA 100 g-1, akā, ua loa'a ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a ha'aha'a o ka 'akika ma loko o ka hua melemele cv "Bolzano," he awelika o 545 ± 145 mg CA 100 g.-1. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka maʻiʻo ʻakika organik ʻaʻole wale ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, akā ma waena o nā manawa hoʻohālike; akā naʻe, ma ka awelika, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻakika organik i loaʻa i loko o nā tōmato i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui IND (ʻoi aku ma mua o HPSL a me LED ma 10.2%).
Ma ka awelika, loaʻa ka mea maloʻo kiʻekiʻe loa i nā hua i ulu ma lalo o HPSL. Ma lalo o ke kukui IND, ua emi iho ka mea malo'o o ka hua'ōmato ma 4.7-16.1%, ma lalo o ke LED he 9.9-18.2%. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua ʻokoʻa i ka mālamalama. Ua ʻike ʻia ka emi liʻiliʻi o ka mea maloʻo ma lalo o nā kūlana māmā like ʻole no cv "Strabena" (5.8% no IND a me 11.1% no LED, ʻo ia hoʻi) a ʻo ka emi nui loa o ka mea maloʻo ma lalo o nā ʻano māmā like ʻole ua ʻike ʻia no cv "Diamont" (16.1% a me18.2. .XNUMX% pakahi).
Ma ka awelika, ʻokoʻa ka maʻiʻo paʻa soluble ma waena o 3.8 a me 10.2 ◦ʻO Brix. Pēlā nō, no ka mea maloʻo, ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻiʻo koʻikoʻi hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka māla ʻōmato cherry "Strabena" (ma ka awelika 8.1 ± 1.0 ◦Brix). ʻO ka ʻōmato cv "Diamont" ʻo ia ka mea ʻono loa (ma ka awelika 4.9 ± 0.4 ◦Brix).
Hoʻopili nui ʻia nā kukui hoʻohui i nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā mea kanu ʻōmato "Bolzano," "Diamont," a me "Encore." Ma lalo o ke kukui LED, ua emi nui ka ma'i pa'a soluble i loko o kēia mau 'ano like 'ole me HPSL. Ua emi ka hopena o ke kukui IND. Ma lalo o kēia mau kukui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kōmato ulu o cv "Bolzano" a me "Strabena" ma ka awelika he 4.7 a me 4.3% ke kō ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o HPSL. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi kēia hoʻonui (Hōʻike 6).
ʻOkoʻa nā ʻōmato TI mai ka 0.97 a i ka 1.38. ʻO ka ʻono loa ʻo ia nā tōmato o cv “Strabena,” ma ka awelika ʻo TI he 1.32 ± 0.1 a ʻo ka mea ʻono loa ʻo nā tōmato o cv “Diamont,” ma ka awelika TI he 1.01 ± 0.06 wale nō. Loaʻa i ka TI kiʻekiʻe ka mahiʻai kōmato "Bolzano," ma ka awelika TI (1.12 ± 0.06), a ukali ʻia e “Chocomate,” ma ka awelika TI(1.08 ± 0.06).
Ma ka awelika, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka TI e ke kumu kukui, koe wale no cv "Strabena," kahi o nā hua ma lalo o ke kukui IND
PAPA 1 | P- nā waiwai (Kruskal-Wallis test) o nā hopena o nā kukui hoʻohui like ʻole i ka maikaʻi o nā hua ʻōmato (n = 118).
aiao |
“Bolzano” |
“Kalekaleka” |
“Encore” |
“Diamona” |
“Strabena |
Kaumaha hua |
0.013 * |
0.008 ** |
0.110 |
0.400 |
0.560 |
Mea maloʻo |
0.022 * |
0.013 * |
0.011 * |
0.001 ** |
0.015 * |
Paʻa paʻa |
0.027 * |
0.030 |
0.030 * |
0.001 ** |
0.270 |
Ka hana |
0.078 |
0.022 |
0.160 |
0.001 ** |
0.230 |
Hōʻike ʻono |
0.370 |
0.140 |
0.600 |
0.001 ** |
0.023 * |
Lycopene |
0.052 |
0.290 |
0.860 |
0.160 |
0.920 |
в-carotene |
<0.001 *** |
0.007 ** |
0.940 |
0.110 |
0.700 |
Phenols |
0.097 |
0.750 |
0.450 |
0.800 |
0.420 |
Flavonoids |
0.430 |
0.035 * |
0.720 |
0.440 |
0.170 |
Nā pae koʻikoʻi "* **” 0.001, “**"0.01, a me"*”0.05. |
|
loaʻa ka piʻi ʻana o ka TI ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me HPSL e 7.4% (LED e 4.2%) ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me HPSL a me cv "Diamont" ma lalo o nā kūlana kukui i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua ua emi iho ma 5.3 a me 8.4%, kēlā me kēia.
ʻO ka maʻiʻo Carotenoids
Hoʻololi ʻia ka manaʻo Lycopene i nā ʻōmato mai 0.07 (cv "Bolzano") a i 7 mg 100 g-1 FM (“Strabena”). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe lycopene ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me “Diamont” (4.40 ± 1.35 mg 100 g-1 FM) a me "Encore" (4.23 ± 1.33 mg 100 g-1 Loaʻa ʻia ʻo FM) i loko o nā hua ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o "Chocomate" (4.74 ± 1.48 mg 100 g-1 FM).
Ma ka awelika, ʻo nā hua mai nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui IND he 17.9% ʻoi aku ka lycopene i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPSL. Ua hoʻoikaika pū ka kukui LED i ka lycopene synthesis, akā i kahi liʻiliʻi, ma ka awelika o 6.5%. He ʻokoʻa ka hopena o nā kumu kukui ma muli o ke kumulāʻau. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui loa i ka biosynthesis lycopene no "Chocomate." ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka lycopene ma lalo o IND i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPSL he 27.2% a ma lalo o LED e 13.5%. ʻO "Strabena" ka mea maʻalahi loa, me nā loli o 3.2 a me -1.6%, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPSL (Hōʻike 7). ʻOiai ʻo nā hualoaʻa paʻakikī, ʻaʻole hōʻoia ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka makemakika o ka ʻikepili i kona hilinaʻi (1 Pūnaewele).
I ka wā hoʻokolohua, вʻO ka maʻiʻo carotene i loko o nā tōmato awelika mai 4.69 a 9.0 mg 100 g-1 FM. ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa вLoaʻa ka ʻike carotene i loko o ka cherry tomato cv "Strabena," he awelika o 8.88 ± 1.58 mg 100 g.-1 FM, akā ka haʻahaʻa loa вLoaʻa ka ʻike carotene i loko o ka hua melemele cv "Bolzano," he awelika o 5.45 ± 1.45 mg 100 g-1 FM.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi carotene ma waena o nā ʻano mea ulu ma lalo o nā kukui hoʻohui like ʻole. Hōʻike ʻo Cv "Bolzano" i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ke LED i ka emi nui ʻana o ka maʻiʻo carotene (e 18.5% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPSL), ʻoiai ʻo "Chocomate" ka mea haʻahaʻa loa o ka carotene ma lalo iho o ka HPSL i nā hua tōmato (5.32 ± 1.08 mg 100 g FM.-1) a ua hoʻonui ʻia e 34.3% ma lalo o LED a me 46.4% ma lalo o nā kukui IND. (Hōʻike 8).
Huina Phenolics a me Flavonoids maʻiʻo
He ʻokoʻa ka ʻike phenol o nā hua tōmato ma ka awelika mai 27.64 a 56.26 mg GAE 100 g.-1 FM (2 Pūnaewele). ʻIke ʻia ka maʻiʻo phenol kiʻekiʻe loa no ka ʻano "Strabena" a ʻike ʻia ka maʻiʻo phenol haʻahaʻa loa no ka ʻano "Diamont." ʻOkoʻa ka ʻano phenol o nā ʻōmato e like me ke kau ʻoʻo o ka hua, no laila nui nā loli ma waena o nā manawa hoʻohālike like ʻole. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā tōmato i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui like ʻole.
ʻOiai ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa kukui hou i ka hihia o ka cv "Chocomate," ʻo ka maʻamau flavonoids o nā hua i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ke kukui he 33.3%, akā ma lalo o ke LED he 13.3% kiʻekiʻe. Ma lalo o nā kukui IND, ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, akā ma lalo o ke kukui LED aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o 10.3-15.6%.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻano tōmato like ʻole i ke kukui hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻAʻole makemake ʻia e ulu i ka cv "Bolzano" ma lalo o ke kukui LED a i ʻole IND no ka mea ma kēia kukui, ua like nā ʻāpana me nā mea i loaʻa ma lalo o HPSL a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ma lalo o nā kukui LED, hoʻemi nui ʻia ke kaumaha o ka hua hoʻokahi, ka mea maloʻo, ka mea paʻa paʻa, a me ka carotene. ( Hōʻike 9 ).
PAPA 2 | Maʻiʻo o ka huina phenolics [mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) 100 g-1 FM] a me nā flavonoids [mg citric acid (CA) 100 g-1 FM] i nā hua tōmato i ulu ma lalo o nā kukui hoʻohui like ʻole.
aiao |
“Bolzano” |
“Kalekaleka” |
“Encore” |
“Diamona” |
“Strabena” |
Phenols |
|||||
HPSL |
36.33 ± 5.34 |
31.23 ± 5.67 |
27.64 ± 7.12 |
30.26 ± 5.71 |
48.70 ± 11.24 |
IND |
33.21 ± 4.05 |
34.77 ± 6.39 |
31.00 ± 6.02 |
30.63 ± 5.11 |
56.26 ± 13.59 |
alakai |
36.16 ± 6.41 |
31.70 ± 6.80 |
30.44 ± 3.01 |
30.98 ± 6.52 |
52.57 ± 10.41 |
Flavonoids |
|||||
HPSL |
4.50 ± 1.32 |
3.78 ± 0.65a |
2.65 ± 1.04 |
2.57 ± 1.15 |
5.17 ± 2.33 |
IND |
4.57 ± 0.75 |
5.24 ± 0.79b |
4.96 ± 1.46 |
2.84 ± 0.67 |
6.65 ± 1.64 |
alakai |
4.96 ± 1.08 |
4.37 ± 1.18ab |
3.02 ± 1.04 |
2.88 ± 1.08 |
5.91 ± 1.20 |
Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole me nā leka like ʻole. |
ʻAʻole like me "Bolzano," "Chocomate" ma lalo o ke kukui LED e hoʻonui i ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi hua a hoʻonui ka nui o ka carotene. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā hua i loaʻa ma lalo o HPSL. Ma ke ʻano o kēia ʻano like ʻole, hōʻike ʻia ke kukui hoʻokomo i nā hopena maikaʻi (Hōʻike 9).
No ka cv "Diamont," ua hoʻemi nui ʻia nā mea hōʻailona e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea ʻono ma lalo o ke kukui LED, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike o nā puaʻa a me nā flavonoids. (Hōʻike 9).
ʻO nā kumulāʻau "Encore" a me "Strabena" ka mea i pane ʻole i ka mālama ʻana i ka māmā. No "Encore," ʻo ka ʻāpana i hoʻopili nui ʻia e ka spectrum kukui LED ʻo ia ka maʻiʻo paʻa. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo "Strabena" i nā loli i ka haku mele ʻana o ka mālamalama. Ma muli paha o nā ʻano genetic o ka ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻano ʻōmato cherry i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokolohua. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e nā ʻāpana a pau i aʻo ʻia. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i nā loli i nā ʻāpana i aʻo ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka mālamalama (Hōʻike 9).
KA HOOHOLO
ʻO ke kaumaha maʻamau o ka hua'ōmato e pili ana me ke kaumaha i manaʻoʻia o keʻano; ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻokō ʻia. Ma muli paha kēia ma muli o ke ʻano mahiʻai ma mua o ka maikaʻi o ke kukui, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai i loko o kahi substrate peat, hiki ke hoʻemi i ke kaumaha o ka hua, akā hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā mea hana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka saturation o ka ʻono. (24). ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka awelika paona hua o ka "Encore F1" ma muli o ke kumu kukui hiki ke hōʻike i ka ʻae ʻana o kēia ʻano i ka maikaʻi o ke kukui. Ua pili kēia me ka loiloi o ke kumuhana (25). Hoʻopili ʻia ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā tōmato ma muli o ka ikaika o ke kukui hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia, akā ma muli o kona ʻano maikaʻi. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i nā hua liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui IND. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā hopena liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā kukui hoʻokomo ʻoiai ʻoiai ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā kukui hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo ia ka pūʻulu nalu ʻōmaʻomaʻo ākea. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ke kukui ʻulaʻula i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha hou o nā tōmato, akā ʻaʻole pili i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mea maloʻo. Me he mea lā ua hoʻoulu ʻia ke kukui ʻulaʻula i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i loko o nā ʻōmato. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kukui polū e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻiʻo maloʻo o nā ʻano tōmato āpau. ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo ka ʻōmato melemele "Balzano". Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka photosynthesis ma lalo o ka hui pū ʻana o ke kukui ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli ma mua o ke kukui HPS, akā like ka hua hua. (12). Olle a me Virsile (26) Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā LED ʻulaʻula e hoʻonui i ka hua ʻōmato a ke kahakaha nei i nā ʻike o kā mākou noiʻi e ʻōlelo nei ʻo ka mea maʻamau me ka hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe o nā nalu ʻulaʻula e hoʻonui i ka hua. Ma manaʻo like, Zhang et al. (14) ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kukui FR i hui pū ʻia me nā LED ʻulaʻula a me HPSL e hoʻonui i ka helu hua. ʻO ke kukui LED ʻulaʻula uliuli a me ka ʻulaʻula i hopena i ka ʻō mua ʻana o nā hua ʻōmato. Hiki i kēia ke hōʻike i ke kumu o ka nui o nā huaʻai ma lalo o nā LED no nā mea kanu "Chocomate F1" a me "Diamont F1", ʻoiai ʻo ka oʻo mua ʻana i alakaʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana i nā hua hou. Ma ke ʻano o ka hua, hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili ʻaʻole ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kukui ʻulaʻula ka mea nui i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hua, akā ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ke kukui ʻulaʻula ma luna o ke kukui uliuli.
No ka mea, ʻo ka ʻono kekahi o nā ʻano punahele o ka tōmato o ka mea kūʻai aku, pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā ala hiki ke hoʻonui i kēia hiʻohiʻona. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻololi pinepine ʻia e nā kumu kaiapuni like ʻole (27). Aia kekahi mau hōʻike e pili ana ka haku mele ʻana o ka māmā i ka ʻano biochemical o ka hua ʻōmato. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka hua ʻōmato oo e ka lōʻihi o ka māmā FR (15). Kong et al. (16) Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa i ka mālama ʻana i nā kukui polū i alakaʻi nui ʻia i nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hoʻonui ʻia ke kō i loko o nā mea kanu e nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli a ʻulaʻula (28). ʻAʻole hōʻoia kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kukui uliuli a me ka ʻulaʻula i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hapa nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou hopena ua loaʻa ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o HPSL e lawe mai ana i ka hapa nui o ke kukui ʻulaʻula ma mua o nā kukui ʻē aʻe a hoʻonui pū i ka wela ma kahi kokoke i nā kukui. Hoʻopili kēia me nā noiʻi mua kahi i noiʻi ai iā Erdberga et al. (29) Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka maʻiʻo o nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā ʻakika organik me ka piʻi ʻana o nā hawewe ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa nā hopena like i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe. Ua loaʻa mai ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā hua ʻōmato i nā mea kanu i hoʻomālamalama ʻia me nā kukui HPS i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu mai nā kukui LED (8.7-12.2% ma muli o ka cultivar). (30).
Eia naʻe, nā haʻawina o Dzakovich et al. (31) Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka māmā hou (HPSL ma o nā LED) i ka physicochemical (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, pH, total phenolics, a me flavonoids a me carotenoids koʻikoʻi) a i ʻole nā waiwai sensory o nā tōmato ulu ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hōʻike kēia i ka nui o nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā huaʻai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili wale ʻia e nā mea pilikino wale nō, akā i ko lākou hui pū ʻana. I loko o kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i nā mea maʻamau ma waena o nā mana o ka mālamalama i ka ʻakika. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole pono e kālele ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano mea a me ka māmā, akā i ka pilina ma waena o ka mahiʻai a me ka māmā. Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻiʻo maloʻo ma “Chocomate F1” a me “Strabena F1.” Pili kēia me Kurina et al. (6), ma ka awelika, ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea komo ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula i nā mea maloʻo (6.46%). Nā haʻawina o Duma et al. (32) Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o nā huaʻai a me ka TI, ʻike ʻia ʻo TI kiʻekiʻe no nā tōmato liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku paha. Nā hoʻokolohua o Rodica et al. (23) ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻōmato cherry a me ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i loaʻa i nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui organik e hoʻoholo ana i ka ʻono o ka hua ma muli o ka hua o ka mea kanu.
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kukui uila ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli e hoʻonui ai i ka lycopene a me в- ka maʻiʻo carotene (13, 29, 33, 34). Dannehl et al. (12) Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he 18 a me 142% ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lycopene a me ka lutein i loko o nā tōmato i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai lākou i ke kukui LED. Eia naʻe, в-ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka maʻiʻo carotene ma waena o nā mālama māmā. Ntagkas et al. (35) hōʻike i ka zeaxanthin, ka huahana o в-ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka carotene, hoʻonui i nā hua ʻōmato ma lalo o ke kukui uliuli a keʻokeʻo. Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻoiaʻiʻo kekahi hapa o kēia mau ʻōlelo inā ʻo "Bolzano F1" kahi i loaʻa ai ka nui o ka lycopene ma lalo o ka mālama LED, akā. вUa pane maikaʻi ʻole ʻo -carotene i kēia lapaʻau. Ma muli paha o nā hiʻohiʻona moʻokalaleo no ka mea ʻo "Bolzano F1" he mea kanu hua ʻalani wale nō i loko o kēia haʻawina. I loko o nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, me nā hua ʻulaʻula a me nā hua ʻulaʻula, ka nui o ka lycopene a вLoaʻa ka carotene ma lalo o nā kukui Induction ʻaʻole i hōʻoia i nā ʻano o nā makahiki i hala (29). Ua hōʻike kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka lycopene o nā hua ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a pau me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mālamalama uliuli. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka maʻiʻo carotene i loko o nā mea kanu like ʻole e hoʻokumu i nā mea maʻamau i nā mea kanu ʻōmato āpau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua. Hōʻike kēia ʻokoʻa i ka pono no ka hoʻāʻo hou ʻana o ke kumuhana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like o ka pane i ka mālamalama ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona cultivar me ka nui o phenolsandflavonoids. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hua ʻulaʻula a me nā hua ʻulaʻula i nā hopena ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma lalo o nā kukui IND, ʻoiai ua pane ʻo "Bolzano F1" me nā hopena kiʻekiʻe i nā kukui HPSL a me nā kukui LED me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole. Ua like kēia haʻawina me nā ʻike a Kong: ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā kukui polū i alakaʻi nui ʻia i ka ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pūhui phenolic pākahi (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, a me ka rutin) (16). ʻO ke kukui ʻulaʻula mau i hoʻonui nui i ka lycopene, в-carotene, ka nui phenolic, ka nui o ka flavonoids, a me ka hana antioxidant i loko o nā tōmato (36). I kā mākou mau haʻawina mua, ua loli ka flavonoids i ka loli; no laila, ʻaʻohe hopena o ka lōʻihi nalu māmā e ʻike ʻia he mea nui.
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka phenol me ka ulu ʻana o ke kukui uliuli i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kukui LED (29), pili pū kēia me kā mākou noiʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o nā hana a nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka UV a i ʻole ke kukui LED ʻaʻohe hopena i ka huina phenolic, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā mālama māmā ʻelua e hoʻololi i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ʻano genes i komo i loko o ka biosynthesis o nā pūhui phenolic a me nā carotenoids. (36). Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia e like me ke kaumaha o ka hua, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā pūhui kemika ma "Encore F1" ma muli o ka mālama māmā. Hiki iā ia ke haʻi aku i hiki i ka cultivar "Encore F1" ke ʻae i ka haku mele ʻana o ka mālamalama. Ua hōʻoia kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua i ka ʻikepili palapala e hoʻonui ʻia ka synthesis o nā metabolites lua e ka nui o ke kukui polū a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kukui polū i loko o ka ʻōnaehana kukui holoʻokoʻa.
Hōʻike nā hopena i loaʻa ʻo nā ʻāpana kemika, me nā sugars soluble acid a me kā lākou ratio, i kuleana no ka ʻono ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻono maikaʻi o nā ʻōmato ma ka hui pū ʻana o nā puaʻa kikoʻī kikoʻī a me nā mea hana biologically, akā ma muli o ko lākou nui. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka lakio a me ka nui o nā waikawa a me nā kō e hōʻike ana i ka ʻono saturated a kiʻekiʻe. I loko o kēia haʻawina, ʻo ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā waikawa titratable he ~0.4, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka noiʻi ʻana o Hernandez Suarez, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā hōʻailona ʻelua he 0.39. (37). Ma nā haʻawina o Dzakovich et al. (31), ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōmato no nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka waikawa titratable, ka ʻakika ascorbic, ka pH, ka nui o nā phenolic, a me nā flavonoids a me nā carotenoids kaulana. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā lākou mau haʻawina ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻopilikia wale ʻia e nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili paneli sensory consumer ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻōmato i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa kukui ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lāʻau kukui i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua manaʻo ka haʻawina e hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā hopena o nā lōʻihi nalu o ka mālamalama i hoʻohana ʻia i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano kikoʻī o ka metabolism lua. (31). He hapa kēia me keia haʻawina, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi i loaʻa i nā ʻano akaka ʻole a ʻike ʻole ʻia, e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he ʻoi aku ka pono o kekahi o nā kukui no nā tōmato ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau kukui no kekahi mau ʻano, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kukui HPSL no "Bolzano F1" a makemake ʻia nā kukui LED no "Chocomate F1." Ua pili kēia me ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena o nā latitu ʻāina like ʻole i nā waiwai kemika o nā ʻōmato i aʻo ʻia. Bhandari etal. (38) i wehewehe ʻoiai ʻo ka hui ʻana o ke kūlana o ka lā i ka lewa a no laila, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā nalu māmā ʻike ʻia, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kemika o nā tōmato; aia nā ʻano like ʻole i pale i kēia mau hana. ʻO kēia mau manaʻo manaʻo a pau e ʻae i ke kaha lalo ʻo ke ʻano kemika o ka tōmato i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka genotype, no ka mea, ʻo ka pilina o nā cultivars me nā mea ulu, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka mālamalama, ua ʻike mua ʻia.
PANINA
He ʻokoʻa ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano tōmato like ʻole i ke kukui hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO nā Cultivars "Encore" a me "Strabena" ka mea i pane ʻole i nā kukui hoʻohui. No "Encore," ʻo ka parameter i hoʻopili nui ʻia e ka spectrum kukui LED ʻo ia ka maʻiʻo paʻa. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo "Strabena" i nā loli i ka haku mele ʻana o ka mālamalama. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ke ʻano genetic o ka ʻano like ʻole, no ka mea, ʻo kēia wale nō ka ʻano tōmato cherry i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokolohua. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka ulu ʻana i ka hua ʻalani cv "Bolzano" ma lalo o ke kukui LED a i ʻole IND no ka mea ma kēia kukui, aia nā ʻāpana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka HPSL a ʻoi aku ka ʻino. Ma lalo o nā kukui LED, ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi hua, mea maloʻo, mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a в-ʻoi loa ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka carotene. ʻO ka paona hua hoʻokahi a me ka nui o в-Ke piʻi nui nei ka carotene o ka ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula hua cv "Chocomate" ma lalo o nā kukui LED. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i ka mea maloʻo a me nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma mua o nā hua i loaʻa ma lalo o HPSL.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e hoʻoulu ʻia ka HPSL i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metabolites mua i loko o nā hua tōmato. Ma nā hihia a pau, he 4.7-18.2% kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo paʻa hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumu kukui ʻē aʻe.
Ke hoʻopuka nei nā kukui LED a me IND ma kahi o 20% blue-violet light, hōʻike nā hopena i kēia ʻāpana o ka spectrum e hoʻoulu i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pūhui phenolic i ka hua e 1.6-47.4% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPSL. ʻO ka maʻiʻo o nā carotenoids ma ke ʻano he metabolites lua ma muli o ke ʻano a me ke kumu māmā. ʻO nā ʻano hua ʻulaʻula e hoʻohui hou aku в-carotene ma lalo o ke kukui LED a me IND.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻāpana polū o ka spectrum i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana a i ʻole ka helu ʻana o kona ʻāpana i ka kikoʻī holoʻokoʻa e hāpai i ka synthesis o nā metabolites lua (lycopene, phenols a me flavonoids), e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o ka mea maloʻo a me nā mea paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
Ma muli o ka hopena nui o ka ʻokoʻa genotypic i loko o nā ʻōmato a me nā pilina māmā, pono e hoʻomau ʻia ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻano kukui hoʻohui ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā pūhui hana biologically.
OLELO HOOLAHA
E hoʻolako ʻia nā ʻikepili maka e kākoʻo ana i nā hopena o kēia ʻatikala e nā mea kākau, me ka ʻole o ke kau ʻana.
KEKAHI KULA
Ua mālama ʻo IE i ka mahi ʻana a me ka laʻana o nā ʻōmato, ka hana hoʻokolohua, ka helu pūhui, a ua kōkua pū i ke kākau ʻana i ka manuscript. Ua hāpai ʻo IA i ka manaʻo, ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka noʻonoʻo aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i mālama i ka laʻana o nā ʻōmato, ka hana hoʻokolohua, ka helu pūhui, a ua kōkua pū i ke kākau ʻana i ka manuscript. Ua hāʻawi ʻo MD i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano analytical, kālailai ʻana i nā laʻana i loko o ka hale hana, a hana i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo. Ua hāʻawi ʻo RA i ka ʻikepili helu, ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻikepili, a hana i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka palapala. Ua hāʻawi ʻo LD i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ʻo ia ke kuleana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā ʻōmato, ka hana hoʻokolohua, ka helu ʻana o nā pūhui, a ua hāʻawi i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka palapala. Ua hāʻawi nā mea kākau a pau i ka ʻatikala a ua ʻae i ka mana i waiho ʻia o ka manuscript.
KAHU
Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka Latvian Rural Development Program 2014-2020 Cooperation, e kāhea i ka papahana 16.1 Nr. 19-00-A01612-000010 Ke noiʻi ʻana i nā hāʻina hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano hou no ka hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo Latvian (IRIS).
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Kōkua o ka Hulina: Hōʻike nā mea kākau ua mālama ʻia ka noiʻi me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā pilina pili kālā a i ʻole nā pili kālā i hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻano paio pili.
ʻŌlelo a ka mea hoʻopuka: ʻO nā koi a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala, ʻo ia wale nō nā mea kākau a ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ko lākou hui pili, a i ʻole nā mea o ka mea hoʻopuka, nā mea hoʻoponopono a me nā loiloi. ʻO kēlā me kēia huahana i loiloi ʻia i loko o kēia ʻatikala, a i ʻole koi ʻia e kāna mea hana, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia a ʻae ʻia e ka mea hoʻopuka.
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